Nordic walkinga systematic review

  1. Pérez-Soriano, Pedro
  2. Encarnación-Martínez, Alberto
  3. Aparicio-Aparicio, Inmaculada
  4. Giménez, José Vicente
  5. Llana-Belloch, Salvador
Revista:
European Journal of Human Movement

ISSN: 0214-0071 2386-4095

Año de publicación: 2014

Número: 33

Páginas: 26-45

Tipo: Artículo

Otras publicaciones en: European Journal of Human Movement

Resumen

Nordic walking (NW) a new walking modality performed with poles as an aid to traction has been widely spread in recent years. Despite the many papers published many aspects are still unknown. So a systematic review has been done with the aim of presenting the state of the art and suggesting future research. Papers found were grouped in three categories: 31% were on body’s physiological response, 45%, were on fitness programs aimed at improving people’s health and 24% were on biomechanical aspects. It can be concluded conclude that NW can be considered an intermediate locomotive mode between walking and running. Oxygen consumption, heart rate, expiratory volume, energy expenditure and lactic acid levels are increased during NW at the same subjective speed as walking. There is no evidence of any contraindication in NW in the groups studied, and therefore it is an activity of great interest to most of the population. However, all is not yet elucidated and further research is needed.

Referencias bibliográficas

  • Aigner, A., Ledl-Kurkowski, E., Hörl, S., y Salzmann, K. (2004). Effekte von nordic walking bzw. normalem gehen auf herzfrequenz und arterielle laktatkonzentration. Österreichisches Journal für Sportmedizin, 14(3), 32-36.
  • Allet, L., Leemann, B., Guyen, E., Murphy, L., Monnin, D., Herrmann, F.R. y cols., (2009). Effect of different walking aids on walking capacity of patients with poststroke hemiparesis. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 90(8), 1408-1413. DOI: 10.1016/j.apmr.2009.02.010.
  • Anttila, R., Holopainen S., y Jokinen. (1999). Pole walking and the effect of regular 12-week pole walking exercise on neck and shoulder symptoms: The mobility of the cervical and thoracic spine and aerobic capacity. Trabajo final de carrera. Helsinki IV College for Health Care Professionals.
  • Baatile, J., Langbein, W.E., Weaver, F., Maloney, C., y Jost, M.B. (2000). Effect of exercise on perceived quality of life of individuals with Parkinson's disease. Journal of Rehabilitation Research & Development, 37(5), 529-534.
  • Breyer, M.K., Breyer-Kohansal, R., Funk, G.C., Dornhofer, N., Spruit, M.A., Wouters, E.F., Burghuber, O.C., y Hartl, S. (2010). Nordic Walking improves daily physical activities in COPD: a randomised controlled trial. Respiratory Research, 22, 111:112.
  • Brunelle, E.A., y Miller, M.K. (1998). The effects of walking poles on ground reaction forces. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sports, 69(Suppl.), A30.
  • Butts, N.K., Knox, K.M., y Foley, T.S. (1995). Energy cost of walking on a dual-action treadmill in men and women. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 27(1), 121-125.
  • Cavanaugh, D.J., y Cann, C.E. (1988). Brisk walking does not stop bone loss in postmenopausal women. Bone,9, 201–204.
  • Church, T. S., Earnest, C. P., & Morss, G. M. (2002). Field testing of physiological responses associated with Nordic walking. Research Quarterly for Exercise & Sport. 73(3), 296-300.
  • Collins, E.G., Langbein, W.E., Orebaugh, C., Bammert, C., Hanson, K., Reda, D., Edwads, L.C., y Littooy, F.N. (2005). Cardiovascular training effect associated with polestriding exercise in patients with peripheral arterial disease. Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing, 20(3), 177-185.
  • Encarnación, A. (2012). Análisis biomecánico de la marcha Nórdica: efectos de la experiencia y de la velocidad de práctica sobre el patrón de presión plantar, las fuerzas de reacción del suelo y los niveles de impacto. Tesis Doctoral, Universidad de Valencia.
  • Figard-Fabre, H., Fabre, N., Leonardi, A., y Schena, F. (2010). Physiological and perceptual responses to Nordic walking in obese middle-aged women in comparison with the normal walk. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 108(6), 1141-1151.
  • Figueiredo, S., Finch, L., Mai, J., Ahmed, S., Huang, A., & Mayo, N. E. (2013). Nordic walking for geriatric rehabilitation: a randomized pilot trial. Disability and Rehabilitation, 35(12), 968-975.
  • Fritschi, J. O., Brown, W. J., Laukkanen, R., & van Uffelen, J. G. Z. (2012). The effects of pole walking on health in adults: A systematic review. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports, 22(5), 70-78
  • Fritz, T., Caidahl, K., Krook, A., Lundstrom, P., Mashili, F., Osler, M., Szekeres, F. L. M., Ostenson, C. G., Wandell, P., & Zierath, J. R. (2013). Effects of Nordic walking on cardiovascular risk factors in overweight individuals with type 2 diabetes, impaired or normal glucose tolerance. Diabetes-Metabolism Research and Reviews, 29(1), 25-32.
  • Gram, B., Christensen, R., Christiansen, C., y Gram, J. (2010). Effects of nordic walking and exercise in type 2 diabetes mellitus: A randomized controlled trial. Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine, 20(5), 355-361.
  • Grüneberg, C., Jöllenbeck, T., Leyser, D., Mull, M., y Classen, C. (2006). Field testing to determine biomechanical loading of the lower limb during nordic walking versus walking-Comparison between Nordic walking instructors and experienced nordic walkers. Journal of Biomechanics, 39, (Suppl.1), S186.
  • Gullstrand, L., y Svedenhag, J. (2003). Training effects after 7 weeks of pole- and normal walking. En E. Mueller, H. Schwameder, G. Zallinger y V. Fastenbauer (Eds.), Book of Abstracts of 8th Annual Congress of the European College of Sport Science, (pp. 33-34). Salzburg, Austria: International Society of Biomechanics in Sports.
  • Hagen, M., Henning, E.M., y Stieldorf, P. (2006). Ground Reaction Forces, rearfoot motion and wrist acceleration in Nordic Walking. En H. Schwamader, G. Strutzenberger, V. Fastenbauer, S Lindinger, y E. Müller (Eds.), Proceedings of the XXIV International Symposium on Biomechanics in Sports (pp.139-142). Salzburg, Austria: International Society of Biomechanics in Sports.
  • Hagen, M., Henning, E.M., y Stieldorf, P. (2011). Lower and upper extremity loading in nordic walking in comparison with walking and running. Journal of Applied Biomechanics, 27, 22-31.
  • Hagner, W., Hagner-Derengowska, M., Wiacek, M., y Zubrzycki. I. Z. (2009). Changes in level of VO2max, blood lipids, and waist circumference in the response to moderate endurance training as a function of ovarian aging. Menopause, 16(5), 1009-1013.
  • Hansen, L., Henriksen, M., Larsen, P., & Alkjaer, T. (2008). Nordic Walking does not reduce the loading of the knee joint. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports, 18(4), 436–441.
  • Hartvigsen, J., Morsө, L., Bendix, T., y Manniche, C. (2010). Supervised and non-supervised Nordic walking in the treatment of chronic low back pain: a single blind randomized clinical trial. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders, 11, 30.
  • Hendrickson, T.L. (1993). The physiological responses to walking with and without Power Poles™ on treadmill exercise. Tesis Doctoral, University of Wisconsin, La Grosse.
  • Höltke, V., Steuer, M., Schneider, U., Krakor, S., y Jakob E. (2003). Walking vs. Nordic-walking. Comparison of strain. Deutstche Zeitschrift Für Sportmedizin, 54, S81.
  • Jacobson, B.H., Caldwell, B., y Kulling, F.A. (1997). Comparison of hiking stick use on lateral stability while balancing with and without a load. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 85(1), 347-350.
  • Jensen, S. B., Henriksen, M., Aaboe, J., Hansen, L. Simonsen, E. B., & Alkjaer, T. (2011). Is it possible to reduce the knee joint compression force during level walking with hiking poles? Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports, 21(6), E195-E200.
  • Jöllenbeck, T., Grüneberg, C., Leyser, D., Mull, M., y Classen, C. (2006). Nordic walking versus walking - field testing to determine biomechanical loading of the lower limb. Journal of Biomechanics, 39(Suppl.1), S185.
  • Jordan, A.N., Olson, T.P., Earnest, C.P., Morss, G.M., y Church, T.S. (2001). Metabolic cost of high intensity poling while Nordic Walking versus normal walking. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 33(5), S86.
  • Karawan, A., Porcari, J.P., Butts, N.K., Postmus, A.M., Stoughton, L., y Larkin, J. (1992). Effects of 12 weeks of walking or exerstriding on upper body strength and endurance. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 24(5), S824.
  • Keast, M. L., D'Angelo, M. E. S., Nelson, C. R. M., Turcotte, S. E., McDonnell, L. A., Nadler, R. E., Reed, J. L., Pipe, A. L., & Reid, R. D. (2013). Randomized Trial of Nordic Walking in Patients With Moderate to Severe Heart Failure. Canadian Journal of Cardiology, 29(11), 1470-1476.
  • Kleindienst, F.I., Michel, K.J., Schwarz, J., y Krabbe, B. (2006). [Comparison of kinematic and kinetic parameters between the locomotion patterns in nordic walking, walking and running]. [Artículo en Alemán]. Sportverletzung Sportschaden, 20(1), 25-30.
  • Kleindienst, F.I., Michel, K.J., Stief, F., Wedel, F. Campe, S., y Krabbe, B. (2007). [Comparison of joint loading of lower extremities between the locomotion patterns nordic walking, walking and running using inverse dynamics] [Artículo en Alemán]. Deutsche Zeitschrift für Sportmedizin, 58(4), 105-111.
  • Knight, C.A., y Caldwell, G.E. (2000). Muscular and metabolic costs of uphill backpacking: are hinking poles benefical? Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 32, 2093-2101.
  • Knobloch, K., y Vogt, P.M. (2006). Nordic pole walking injuries nordic walking thumb as novel injury entity. Sportverletz Sportschaden, 20(3),137-142.
  • Knox, K.M. (1993). Energy cost of walking with and without arm activity on the Cross Walk dual motion cross trainer. Tesis Doctoral, University of Wisconsin-La Grosse.
  • Kocur, P., Deskur-Smielecka, E., Wilk, M., y Dylewicz P. (2009b). Estimation of energy expenditure during various forms of exercise training in early cardiac rehabilitation. Physiotherapy, 17(2), 3-11.
  • Kocur, P., Deskur-Smielecka, E., Wilk, M., y Dylewicz, P. (2009a). Effects of Nordic Walking training on exercise capacity and fitness in men participating in early, short-term inpatient cardiac rehabilitation after an acute coronary syndrome - a controlled trial. Clinical Rehabilitation, 23(11), 995-1004.
  • Koizumi, T., Tsujiuchi, N., Takeda, M., y Murodate, Y. (2008). Physical Motion Analysis of Nordic Walking. En: M. Estivalet, y P. Brisson, (Eds.), The Engineering of Sports 7(Vol.2) (pp. 379-385). Paris: Springer Verlag France.
  • Kukkonen-Harjula, K., Hiilloskorpi, H., Manttari, A., Pasanen, M., Parkkari, J., Suni, J., Fogelholm, M., y Laukkanen, R. (2007). Selfguided brisk walking training with or without poles: a randomized- controlled trial in middle-aged women. Scandinavian Journal Medicine Science Sports, 17, 316–323.
  • Kukkonen-Harjula, K., Hiilloskorpi, H., Manttari, A., Pasanen, M., Parkkari, J., Suni, J., Fogelholm, M., y Laukkanen, R. (2007). Selfguided brisk walking training with or without poles: a randomized- controlled trial in middle-aged women. Scandinavian Journal Medicine Science Sports, 17, 316–323.
  • Martyn-St, J.M. y Carroll S. (2008). Meta-analysis of walking for preservation of bone mineral density in postmenopausal women. Bone. 43(3), 521-531.
  • Martyn-St, J. M. y Carroll, S. (2009). A meta-analysis of impact exercise on postmenopausal bone loss: the case for mixed loading exercise programmes. British Journal of Sports Medicine,43, 898-908.
  • Morgulec-Adamowicz, N., Marszałek, J., y Jagustyn, P. (2011). Nordic Walking as an adapted physical activity. Human Movement, 12(2), 124-132.
  • Morris, J. N., y Hardman, A. (1997Walking to health. Sports Medicine, 23, 306-332.
  • Morss, G. M., Church, T. S., Earnest, C. P., y Jordan, A. N. (2001). Field test comparing the metabolic cost of normal walking versus Nordic walking. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 33(5), S23.
  • Oakley, C., Zwierska, I., Tew, G., Beard, J.D., y Saxton, J. M. (2008). Nordic poles immediately improve walking distance in patients with intermittent claudication. European Journal of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, 36(6), 689–694.
  • Parkatti, T., Perttunen, J., & Wacker, P. (2012). Improvements in Functional Capacity From Nordic Walking: A Randomized Controlled Trial Among Older Adults. Journal of Aging and Physical Activity, 20(1), 93-105.
  • Pérez, P., Llana, S., Encarnación, A., y Fuster, M. A. (2009). Marcha Nórdica: actividad física alternativa en el cuidado del pie. Motricidad. European Journal of Human Movement, 22, 83-94.
  • Pérez, P., Llana, S., Martínez-Nova, A., Morey, G., y Encarnación, A. (2011). Nordic walking practice might improve plantar pressure distribution. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 82 (4), 593-599.
  • Perrey, S., y Fabre, N. (2008). Exertion during uphill, level and downhill walking with and without hiking poles. Journal of Sports Science and Medicine, 7, 32-38.
  • Porcari, J. P., Hendrickson, T. L., Walter, P. R., Terry, L., & Walsko, G. (1997). The physiological responses to walking with and without Power Poles on treadmill exercise. Research Quarterly for Exercise & Sport, 68(2), 161-166.
  • Ripatti, T. (2002). Effect of nordic walking training program on cardiovascular fitness. Sportartspezifische Leistungsfähigkeit, Deutsche Sporthochschule Köln, Germany.
  • Rodgers, C. D., VanHeest, J. L., & Schachter, C. L. (1995). Energy expenditure during submaximal walking with exerstriders. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 27(4), 607-611.
  • Sánchez, J. (1999). Biomecánica de la Marcha Humana Normal y Patológica. Valencia: Instituto de Biomecánica de Valencia.
  • Schiebel, F., Heitkamp, H. C., Thoma, S., Hipp, A., y Horstmann, T. (2003). Nordic walking and walking in comparison. Deutstche Zeitschrift Für Sportmedizin, 54, S.43.
  • Schiffer, T., Knicker, A., Dannohl, R., y Struder, H. K. (2009). Energy cost and pole forces during nordic walking under different surface conditions. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 41(3), 663-668.
  • Schiffer, T., Knicker, A., Hoffman, U., Harwig, B., Hollmann, W., y Strüder, H. K. (2006). Physiological responses to Nordic walking, walking and jogging. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 98(1), 56–61.
  • Schiffer, T., Knicker, A., Montanarella, M., & Strüder, H. K. (2011). Mechanical and physiological effects of varying pole weights during Nordic walking compared to walking. European journal of applied physiology, 111(6), 1121-1126.
  • Schmidt, M., Helmkamp, A., Mack, N., y Winski, N. (2006). Entrenamiento para todo el cuerpo: Practicando el Nordic Walking. Ed. Edimat Libros, Madrid.
  • Schwameder, H., y Ring, S. (2006). Knee joint loading and metabolic energy demand in walking, nordic walking and running. Journal of Biomechanics, 39(Suppl.1), S185.
  • Shim, J. M. (2012). Comparison of Gait and Feet during Nordic Pole Walking and Unassisted Walking on a Treadmill Journal of Physical Therapy Science, 24(12), 1225-1228.
  • Shim, J. M., Kwon, H. Y., Kim, H. R., Kim, B. I., y Jung, J. H. (2013). Comparison of the Effects of Walking with and without Nordic Pole on Upper Extremity and Lower Extremity Muscle Activation. Journal of Physical Therapy Science, 25(12), 1553-1556.
  • Sprod, L. K., Drum, S. N., Bentz, A. T., Carter, S. D., y Schneider, C. M. (2005). The effects of walking poles on shoulder function in breast cancer survivors. Integrative Cancer Therapies. 4(4), 287-293.
  • Stief, F., Kleindienst, F. I., Wiemeyer, J., Wedel, F., Campe, S., y Krabbe, B. (2008). Inverse dynamic analysis of the lower extremities during nordic walking, walking, and running. Journal of Applied Biomechanics, 24(4), 351–359.
  • Strömbeck, B. E., Theander, E., y Jacobsson L. T. H. (2007). Effects of exercise on aerobic capacity and fatigue in women with primary Sjögren's syndrome. Rheumatology 46(5), 868-871.
  • Sugiyama, K., Kawamura, M., Tomita, H., & Katamoto, S. (2013). Oxygen uptake, heart rate, perceived exertion, and integrated electromyogram of the lower and upper extremities during level and Nordic walking on a treadmill. Journal of Physiological Anthropology, 32-2. DOI: 10.1186/1880-6805-32-2
  • Suija, K., Pechter, U., Kalda, R., Tähepõld, H., Maaroos, J., y Maaroos, H. I. (2009). Physical activity of depressed patients and their motivation to exercise: Nordic Walking in family practice. International Journal of Rehabilitation Research, 32(2), 132-138.
  • Takeshima, N., Islam, M. M., Rogers, M. E., Rogers, N. L., Sengoku, N., Koizumi, D., Kitabayashi, Y., Imai, A., & Naruse, A. (2013). Effects of Nordic Walking compared to Conventional Walking and Band-Based Resistance Exercise on Fitness in Older Adults. Journal of Sports Science and Medicine, 12(3), 422-430.
  • Thorwesten, L., Overhaus, N., Rudack, P., y Völker, K. (2005). Vergleichende plantare Druckverteilungsmessung beim Nordic Walking und Walking. Deutsche Zeitschrift fur Sportmedizin, 56(7/8), 215.
  • Thorwesten, L., Overhaus, N., y Völker, K. (2006). Ground reaction forces in nordic Walking and Walking. En H. Schwamader, G. Strutzenberger, V. Fastenbauer, S Lindinger, y E. Müller (Eds.), Proceedings of the XXIV International Symposium on Biomechanics in Sports (p. 628). Salzburg, Austria: International Society of Biomechanics in Sports.
  • Thorwesten, L., Overhaus, N., y Völker, K. (2007). Vertical ground reaction forces in nordic walking and walking. En Proceedings 12th Annual Congress of the European College of Sport Science (ECSS), Jyväskylä, Finland.
  • Tschentscher, M., Niederseer, D., & Niebauer, J. (2013). Health Benefits of Nordic Walking A Systematic Review. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 44(1), 76-84.
  • Van Eijkeren, F. J., Reijmers, R. S., Kleinveld, M. J., Minten, A., Bruggen, J. P., y Bloem, B. R. (2008). Nordic walking improves mobility in Parkinson's disease. Movement Disorders, 23(15), 2239-2243.
  • Walter, P. R., Porcari, J. P., Brice G., y Terry L. (1996). Acute responses to using walking poles in patients with coronary artery disease. Journal of Cardiopulmonary Rehabilitation, 16, 245-250.
  • Wilk, M., Kocur, P., Różańska, A., Przywarska, I., Dylewicz, P., y Owczarski, T. (2005). Assessment of the selected physiological effects of Nordic Walking performed as a part of a physical exercise program during the second phase of rehabilitation after a myocardial infarction [en Polaco]. Rehabilitacja Medyczna, 9(2), 33–39.
  • Willson, J., Torry, M. R., Decker, M. J., Kernozek, T., y Streadman, J. R. (2001). Effects of walking poles on lower extremity gait mechanics. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 33(1), 142–147.