Desigualdad de género en la investigación médica españolaUn caso paradigmático
- 1 Universidad de Valencia (UV), Valencia, España
- 2 Universidad Carlos III de Madrid (UC3M), Madrid, España
ISSN: 0100-1574, 1980-5314
Año de publicación: 2021
Volumen: 51
Número: 1
Tipo: Artículo
Otras publicaciones en: Cadernos de Pesquisa
Resumen
Con el objeto de evaluar la desigualdad de género en la investigación científica médica, se analizan las bases de datos institucionales de investigación de la Universidad de Valencia (2000-2018), de las facultades de ciencias de la salud (Medicina y Odontología, Farmacia, Enfermería y Fisioterapia), considerando sexo, categoría académica, edad y especialidad clínica de los investigadores/as. Los académicos son responsables de un número abrumador de proyectos y contratos de investigación, de importes mucho más elevados que los dirigidos por sus colegas mujeres. El estudio revela también segregación horizontal y una brecha salarial de género significativa, subrayando la necesidad de políticas que optimicen el talento y el trabajo de las científicas médicas españolas en beneficio de la sociedad.
Referencias bibliográficas
- Alloza Frutos, M., Anghel, B., Sánchez de Madariaga, I., Rica, S. de la, & Dolado, J. J. (Coords.). (2012). White paper on the situation of women in science in Spain. Ministry of Science and Innovation. http://www. ciencia.gob.es/stfls/MICINN/Ministerio/FICHEROS/UMYC/WhitePaper_Interactive.pdf
- Astegiano, J., Sebastián-González E., & Castanho, C. T. (2019). Unravelling the gender productivity gap in science: A meta-analytical review. Royal Society Open Science, 6(6), Article e181566. http://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.181566
- Bates, C., Gordon, L. K., Travis, E., Chatterjee, A., Chaudron, L., Fivush, B., Gulati, M., Jagsi, R., Sharma, P., Gillis, M., Ganetzky, R., Grover, A., Lautenberger, D., & Moses, A. (2016). Striving for gender equity in academic medicine careers: A call to action. Academic Medicine, 91(8), 1050-1052. http:// doi.org/10.1097/ACM.0000000000001283
- Besselaar, P. van de, & Sandstrom, U. (2016). Gender differences in research performance and its impact on careers: A longitudinal case study. Scientometrics, 106, 43-62. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11192-015-1775-3
- Bowen, C. J., Kersbergen, C. J., Tang, O., Cox, A., & Beach, M. C. (2018). Medical school research ranking is associated with gender inequality in MSTP application rates. BMC Medical Education, 18(1), 187. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12909-018-1306-z
- Buckley, L. M., Sanders, K., Shih, M., & Hampton, C. L. (2000). Attitudes of clinical faculty about career progress, career success and recognition, and commitment to academic medicine: Results of a survey. Archives of Internal Medicine, 160(17), 2625-2629. https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.160.17.2625
- Butkus, R., Serchen, J., Moyer, D. V., Bornstein, S. S., & Hingle, S. T. (2018). Achieving gender equity in physician compensation and career advancement: A position paper of the American College of Physicians. Annals of Internal Medicine, 168(10), 721-723. https://doi.org/10.7326/M17-3438
- Carr, P. L., Raj, A., Kaplan, S. E., Terrin, N., Breeze, J. L., & Freund, K. M. (2018). Gender differences in academic medicine: Retention, rank, and leadership comparisons from the national faculty survey. Academic Medicine, 93(11), 1694-1699. https://doi.org/10.1097/ACM.0000000000002146
- Ceci, S. J., & Williams, W. M. (2011). Understanding current causes of women’s underrepresentation in science. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 108(8), 3157-3162. https://doi.org/10.1073/ pnas.1014871108
- Connolly, S., & Holdcroft, A. (2009). The pay gap for women in medicine and academic medicine: An analysis of the WAM* database. British Medical Association. https://www.medicalwomensfederation.org.uk/ images/Daonload_Pay_Gap_Report.pdf
- Escolano, E. (2006). Entre la discriminación y el mérito: Las profesoras en las universidades valencianas. Publicaciones de la Universidad de Valencia.
- European Commission. (2019). She figures 2018. https://ec.europa.eu/info/publications/she-figures-2018_en.
- European Institute for Gender Equality. (2016). Promoting gender equality in academia and research institutions. https://eige.europa.eu/publications/promoting-gender-equality-academia-and-research-institutions-main-findings.
- European Institute for Gender Equality. (2019a). Gender Equality Index 2019. https://eige.europa.eu/gender-equality-index/2019
- European Institute for Gender Equality. (2019b). Tackling the gender pay gap: Not without a better work-life balance. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union. https://eige.europa.eu/publications/ tackling-gender-pay-gap-not-without-better-work-life-balance
- European Union. (2012). Meta-analysis of gender and science research. https://ec.europa.eu/research/swafs/pdf/ pub_gender_equality/meta-analysis-of-gender-and-science-research-synthesis-report.pdf
- Eurostat (2019). Database Eurostat. https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/data/browse-statistics-by-theme
- Fox, M. F., Fonseca, C., & Bao, J. (2011). Work and family conflict in academic science: Patterns and predictors among women and men in research universities. Social Studies of Science, 41(5), 715-735.
- Lee, R. van de, & Ellemers, N. (2015). Gender contributes to personal research funding success in the Netherlands. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 112, 12349-12353. https://doi. org/10.1073/pnas.1510159112
- Leslie, S. J., Cimpian, A., Meyer, M., & Freeland, E. (2015). Expectations of brilliance underlie gender distributions across academic disciplines. Science, 347(6219), 262-265. https://science.sciencemag.org/ content/347/6219/262
- Mauleón, E., Hillán, L., Moreno, L., Gómez, I., & Bordons, M. (2013). Assessing gender balance among journal authors and editorial board members. Scientometrics, 95(1), 87-114. https://doi.org/10.1007/ s11192-012-0824-4
- Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades (2018a). Científicas en cifras 2017. Estadísticas e indicadores de la (des)igualdad de género en la formación y profesión científica. http://www.ciencia.gob.es/stfls/ MICINN/Ministerio/FICHEROS/UMYC/Cientificas_cifras_2017.pdf
- Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades (2018b). Sistema Integrado de Información Universitaria. https://www.ciencia.gob.es/portal/site
- Monroe, A. K., Levine, R. B., Clark, J. M., Bickel, J., MacDonald, S. M., & Resar, L. M. S. (2015). Through a gender lens: A view of gender and leadership positions in a department of medicine. Journal of Women's Health (Larchmt), 24(10), 837-842. http://doi.org/10.1089/jwh.2014.5054
- Ovseiko, P. V., Greenhalgh, T., Adam, P., Grant, J., Hinrichs-Krapels, S., Graham, K. E., Valentine P. A., Sued O., Boukhris, O. F., Olaqi, N. M. Al, Rahbi, I. S. Al, Dowd, A-M., Bice, S., Heiden, T. L., Fischer, M. D., Dopson, S., Norton, R., Pollitt, A., Wooding, S., ... Buchan, A. M. (2016). A global call for action to include gender in research impact assessment. Health Research Policy and Systems, 14(1), 50. https:// doi.org/10.1186/s12961-016-0126-z
- Pattani, R., Marquez, C., Dinyarian, C., Sharma, M., Bain, J., Moore, J. E., & Straus, S. E. (2018). The perceived organizational impact of the gender gap across a Canadian department of medicine and proposed strategies to combat it: A qualitative study. BMC Medical Education, 16(1), 48. https://doi. org/10.1186/s12916-018-1032-8.
- Paulus, J. K., Switkowski, K. M., Allison, G. M., Connors, M., Buchsbaum, R. J., Freund, K. M., & Blazey- -Martin, D. (2016). Where is the leak in the pipeline? Investigating gender differences in academic promotion at an academic medical centre. Perspectives on Medical Education, 5(2), 125-128. https:// doi.org/10.1007/s40037-016-0263-7
- Pingleton, S. K., Jones, V. M., Rosolowski, T. A., & Zimmerman, M. K. (2016). Silent bias: Challenges, obstacles, and strategies for leadership development in academic medicine- Lessons from oral histories of women professors at the University of Kansas. Academic Medicine, 91(8), 1151-1157. https://doi. org/10.1097/ACM.0000000000001125
- Plank-Bazinet, J. L., Bunker Whittington, K., Cassidy, S. K., Filart, R., Cornelison, T. L., Begg, L., & Austin Clayton J. (2016). Programmatic efforts at the National Institutes of Health to promote and support the careers of women in biomedical science. Academic Medicine, 91(8), 1057-1064. https://doi. org/10.1097/ACM.0000000000001239
- Raj, A., Carr, P. L., Kaplan, S. E., Terrin, N., Breeze, J. L., & Freund, K. M. (2016). Longitudinal Analysis of Gender Differences in Academic Productivity among Medical Faculty across 24 Medical Schools in the United States. Academic Medicine, 91(8), 1074-1079. https://doi.org/10.1097/ ACM.0000000000001251
- Red de Unidades de Igualdad de Género por la Excelencia Universitaria. (n.d.). La xarxa d'unitats d' igualtat de gènere per a l'excel·lència universitària. https://www.uv.es/ruigeu/ca/xarxa/es-red.html
- Regulation (EU) no 1291/2013. (2013, 20 December). Of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 December 2013 establishing Horizon 2020 – the Framework Programme for Research and Innovation (2014-2020) and repealing Decision No 1982/2006/EC. (Text with EEA relevance). Official Journal of the European Union. https://ec.europa.eu/research/participants/data/ref/h2020/legal_basis/fp/ h2020-eu-establact_en.pdf
- Rochon, P. A., Davidoff, F., & Levinson, W. (2016). Women in academic medicine leadership: Has anything changed in 25 years? Academic Medicine, 91(8), 1053-6. https://doi.org/10.1097/ ACM.0000000000001281
- Shannon, G., Jansen, M., Williams, K., Cáceres, C., Motta, A., Odhiambo, A., Eleveld, A., & Mannell, J. (2019). Gender equality in science, medicine, and global health: Where are we and why does it matter? Lancet, 393(10171), 560-569. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(18)33135-0
- Shen, H. (2013). Inequality quantified: Mind the gender gap. Despite improvements, female scientists continue to face discrimination, unequal pay and funding disparities. Nature, 495(7439), 22-24. https://doi. org/10.1038/495022a
- Universidad de Valencia. (n.d.). Recull de Dades Estadístiques de la UV. https://www.uv.es/reculldedades
- Waisbren, S. E., Bowles, H., Hasan, T., Zou, K. H., Emans, S. J., Goldberg, C., Gould, S., Levine, D., Lieberman, E., Loeken, M., Longtine, J., Nadelson, C., Patenaude, A. F., Quinn, D., Randolph, A. G., Solet, J. M., Ullrich, N., Walensky, R., Weitzman, P., & Christou, H. (2008). Gender differences in research Grant applications and funding outcomes for medical school faculty. Journal of Women's Health, 17(2), 207-214. https://doi.org/10.1089/jwh.2007.0412
- Wenneras, C., & Wold, A. (1997). Nepotism and sexism in peer-review. Nature, 387(6631), 341-343. https:// doi.org/10.1038/387341a0
- Westring, A., McDonald, J. M., Carr, P., & Grisso, J. A. (2016). An integrated framework for gender equity in academic medicine. Academic Medicine, 91(8), 1041-1044. https://doi.org/10.1097/ ACM.0000000000001275
- Yedidia, M. J., & Bickel, J. (2001). Why aren’t there more women leaders in academic medicine? The views of clinical department chairs. Academic Medicine, 76(5), 453-465. https://doi.org/10.1097/00001888- 200105000-00017
- Zuckerman, H. (2001). The careers of men and women scientists: Gender differences in career attainment. In Wyer M. (Ed.), Women, science and technology: A reader in feminist science studies (pp. 69-78). Routledge.