Impact of brain endothelial senescence on neurogenesisapplication of novel strategies for age-related senescence detection

Resumo

Ageing is conceived as a progressive process of functional decline that occurs over the course of life. In general, advancing age is accompanied by the deterioration of multiple tissues, altered homeostasis and increased frailty. Age is considered to be the main risk factor for a large number of diseases with high mortality rates, such as cardiovascular pathologies, cancer, pulmonary fibrosis, hepatic steatosis, and neurodegenerative disorders, among others. As the elderly population grows, these pathologies are becoming increasingly prevalent in our society and are now the leading health concerns in primary care. Consequently, comprehending the mechanisms that cause ageing and resulting health decline is a major challenge for the scientific community, backed by significant socio-economic interest. Achieving this goal would allow for targeted interventions against age-related diseases, promote healthy ageing, and extend human lifespan. In this context, cellular senescence has emerged as an important research target, as this cellular fate is considered a contributing factor to the functional and structural deterioration of tissues with increasing age, leading to chronic diseases. Neurodegenerative disorders are mostly of unknown etiology, and only palliative treatments are currently available. Neurodegeneration may be prompted by the decline in neurogenesis that occurs with ageing. In this regard, the brain vasculature represents an essential component of the neurogenic niches, where cells with the capacity to generate new neurons reside. Brain microvessels contribute substantially to preserving the homeostasis and neurogenic potential of these regions, but they also undergo structural and functional changes with age. However, whether these alterations are linked to cellular senescence it is not yet clear. Hence, the purpose of this thesis is to delve deeper into the intricacies of age-related senescence and its impact on the process of brain ageing. In this regard, we have developed a fluorogenic probe for the in vivo detection of ß-Gal activity, a widely used marker of cellular senescence. We have estimated the senescent cell burden non-invasively in longitudinal studies using this probe during natural and accelerated ageing or during senolytic treatments. These results have allowed us to establish a real correlation between ageing and global senescence. On the other hand, we have focused our efforts on creating strategies to detect senescence in brain endothelial cells and to study its effects on neurogenesis during ageing. The results showed that senescent endothelial cells at the brain level have a detrimental impact on neurogenesis and neural stem cells, positioning these cells as a target for future studies on brain ageing.