Evolución del riesgo y protección en la infancia y la adolescencia

  1. José M. Tomás 1
  2. Irene Fernández 1
  3. José-Javier Navarro-Pérez 1
  4. Ángela Carbonell 1
  1. 1 Universitat de València, España
Revista:
Revista Latinoamericana de Ciencias Sociales, Niñez y Juventud

ISSN: 1692-715X

Año de publicación: 2023

Volumen: 21

Número: 3

Tipo: Artículo

Otras publicaciones en: Revista Latinoamericana de Ciencias Sociales, Niñez y Juventud

Resumen

Los factores de riesgo y protección pueden ser utilizados para evaluar, prevenir e intervenir en el maltrato infantil. El objetivo de este estudio es analizar longitudinalmente el riesgo en la infancia y la adolescencia, para determinar qué factores pueden ser empleados como indicadores de evolución. Se empleó una muestra de 102 niños, niñas y adolescentes que participaban en el sistema de bienestar infantil español, en tres momentos temporales. Los resultados indicaron que existe una evolución del riesgo, con una tendencia general de disminución de riesgos e incremento de elementos protectores. Nuestros hallazgos identificaron la existencia de factores dinámicos y estáticos. Este estudio pone de manifiesto la relevancia de la atención e intervención continuada y a largo plazo para fortalecer los factores de protección y disminuir los de riesgo en niños, niñas y adolescentes.

Referencias bibliográficas

  • Ajilian, M., Saeidi, M., Khademi, G., Hoseini, B. L., & Emami, Z. (2015). Child maltreatment in the world: A review article. International Journal of Pediatrics, 3(1.1), 353-365. https://doi.org/10.22038/IJP.2015.3753
  • Andrews, D. A., & Bonta, J. (2010). The psychology of criminal conduct. Routledge.
  • Assink, M., van der Put, C. E., Kuiper, K., Mulder, T., & Stams, G. J. J. M. (2016). Factsheet – Risicofactoren voor kindermishandeling. University of Amsterdam.
  • Austin, A. E., Lesak, A. M., & Shanahan, M. E. (2020). Risk and protective factors for child maltreatment: A review. Current Epidemiology Reports, 7(4), 334-342. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40471-020-00252-3
  • Belsky, J. (1980). Child maltreatment: An ecological integration. American Psychologist, 35(4), 320–335. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.35.4.320
  • Belsky, J. (1993). Etiology of child maltreatment: A developmental-ecological analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 114(3), 413–434. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.114.3.413
  • Bender, K. (2010). Why do some maltreated youth become juvenile offenders?: A call for further investigation and adaptation of youth services. Children and Youth Services Review, 32(3), 466-473. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2009.10.022
  • Boatswain-Kyte, A. (2019). Overrepresentation and disparity of Black children reported under the child protection system: The need for effective cross-system collaborations (Tesis Doctoral). Université de Montréal.
  • Borum, R., Lodewijks, H. P., Bartel, P. A., & Forth, A. E. (2020). The structured assessment of violence risk in youth (SAVRY). In K. S. Douglas, and R. K. Otto, Handbook of violence risk assessment (pp. 438-461). Routledge.
  • Bronfenbrenner, U. (1979). The ecology of human development. Harvard University Press.
  • Brown, S. M., Rhoades, G. K., Marti, C. N., & Lewis, T. (2021). The co-occurrence of child maltreatment and intimate partner violence in families: Effects on children’s externalizing behavior problems. Child Maltreatment, 26(4), 363-375. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077559520985934
  • Burnette, C. E. (2018). Family and cultural protective factors as the bedrock of resilience and growth for Indigenous women who have experienced violence. Journal of Family Social Work, 21(1), 45-62. https://doi.org/10.1080/10522158.2017.1402532
  • Clemens, V., Huber-Lang, M., Plener, P. L., Brähler, E., Brown, R. C., & Fegert, J. M. (2018). Association of child maltreatment subtypes and long-term physical health in a German representative sample. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 9(1), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1080/20008198.2018.1510278
  • Counts, J. M., Buffington, E. S., Chang-Rios, K., Rasmussen, H. N., & Preacher, K. J. (2010). The development and validation of the protective factors survey: A self-report measure of protective factors against child maltreatment. Child Abuse & Neglect, 34(10), 762-772. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2010.03.003
  • Cuccaro-Alamin, S., Foust, R., Vaithianathan, R., & Putnam-Hornstein, E. (2017). Risk assessment and decision making in child protective services: Predictive risk modeling in context. Children and Youth Services Review, 79, 291-298. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2017.06.027
  • De Ruiter, C., Hildebrand, M., & van der Hoorn, S. (2020). The child abuse risk evaluation dutch version (CARE-NL): A retrospective validation study. Journal of Family Trauma, Child Custody & Child Development, 17(1), 37-57. https://doi.org/10.1080/15379418.2019.1699488
  • Eddy, J. M., & Sneddon, D. (2020). Rigorous research on existing child maltreatment prevention programs: Introduction to the special section. Prevention Science, 21(1), 1-3. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11121-019-01058-6
  • Eisenberg, M. J., van Horn, J. E., Dekker, J. M., Assink, M., van der Put, C. E., Hendriks, J., & Stams, G. J. J. (2019). Static and dynamic predictors of general and violent criminal offense recidivism in the forensic outpatient population: A meta-analysis. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 46(5), 732-750. https://doi.org/10.1177/0093854819826109
  • Erens, B., De Ruiter, C., Otgaar, H., & Humblet, J. (2022). based risk factors for child maltreatment: do child protection workers use them in their case investigations?. The British Journal of Social Work, 30(6), 508-519. https://doi.org/10.1002/car.2728
  • Finch, M., Featherston, R., Chakraborty, S., Bjørndal, L., Mildon, R., Albers, B., Fiennes, C., Taylor, D. J. A., Schachtman, R., Yang, T., & Shlonsky, A. (2021). Interventions that address institutional child maltreatment: An evidence and gap map. Campbell Systematic Reviews, 17(1), 1-104. https://doi.org/10.1002/cl2.1139
  • Font, S. A., & Berger, L. M. (2015). Child maltreatment and children's developmental trajectories in early to middle childhood. Child Development, 86(2), 536-556. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdev.12322
  • Font, S. A., & Kennedy, R. (2022). The centrality of child maltreatment to criminology. Annual Review of Criminology, 5, 371-396. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-criminol-030920-120220
  • Hillis, S., Mercy, J., Amobi, A., & Kress, H. (2016). Global prevalence of past-year violence against children: a systematic review and minimum estimates. Pediatrics, 137(3). 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2015-4079
  • Holden, G. W., Brown, A. S., Baldwin, A. S. & Caderao, K. C. (2014). Research findings can change attitudes about corporal punishment. Child Abuse & Neglect, 38(5), 902– 908. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2013.10.013
  • Hunter, A. A., & Flores, G. (2021). Social determinants of health and child maltreatment: a systematic review. Pediatric Research, 89(2), 269-274. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41390-020-01175-x
  • Hurren, E., Stewart, A., & Dennison, S. (2017). New methods to address old challenges: The use of administrative data for longitudinal replication studies of child maltreatment. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 14(9), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14091066
  • Jankovic, C., Sharp, J., & Thielking, M. (2022). Child maltreatment and post-traumatic growth: Implications for the well-being of young adults. Child Abuse & Neglect, 131, 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2022.105783
  • Jolley, J. M. (2012). Applying neural network models to predict recurrent maltreatment in child welfare cases with static and dynamic risk factors (Tesis Doctoral). Washington University in St. Louis.
  • Kisely, S., Abajobir, A. A., Mills, R., Strathearn, L., Clavarino, A., & Najman, J. M. (2018). Child maltreatment and mental health problems in adulthood: birth cohort study. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 213(6), 698-703. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.2018.207
  • Lakhdir, M. P. A., Farooq, S., Khan, U. R., Parpio, Y., Azam, S. I., Razzak, J., Aslam, A., & Kadir, M. M. (2021). Factors associated with child maltreatment among children aged 11 to 17 years in community settings of Karachi, Pakistan, using Belsky Ecological Framework. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 36(1-2), 297-313. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260517726973
  • Lätsch, D. C., Voll, P., Jung, R., & Jud, A. (2021). Evaluating assessment tools in child protection: a conceptual framework of internal and ecological requirements. Child Abuse Review, 30(6), 508-519. https://doi.org/10.1002/car.2728ç
  • Lo, C. K. M., & Cho, Y. W. (2021). Community-based interventions to reduce child maltreatment. Research on Social Work Practice, 31(6), 621-633. https://doi.org/10.1177/1049731520986968
  • McKinley, C. E., Boel-Studt, S., Renner, L. M., & Figley, C. R. (2021). Risk and protective factors for symptoms of depression and anxiety among American Indians: Understanding the roles of resilience and trauma. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 13(1), 16–25. https://doi.org/10.1037/tra0000950
  • Meng, X., Fleury, M. J., Xiang, Y. T., Li, M., & D’arcy, C. (2018). Resilience and protective factors among people with a history of child maltreatment: A systematic review. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 53(5), 453-475. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-018-1485-2
  • Molnar, B. E., Scoglio, A. A., & Beardslee, W. R. (2022). Community-level prevention of child maltreatment. In R. D. Krugman and J. E. Korbin, Handbook of child maltreatment (pp. 459-477). Springer.
  • Muller, R. T., Hunter, J. E., & Stollak, G. (1995). The intergenerational transmission of corporal punishment: A comparison of social learning and temperament models. Child Abuse & Neglect, 19(11), 1323-1335. https://doi.org/10.1016/0145-2134(95)00103-F
  • Murray, K. J., Williams, B. M., Tunno, A. M., Shanahan, M., & Sullivan, K. M. (2022). What about trauma? Accounting for trauma exposure and symptoms in the risk of suicide among adolescents who have been adopted. Child Abuse & Neglect, 130(2), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2021.105185
  • Naidoo, L. K. (2014). Understanding child sex offenders: implications for the protection of children (Tesis Doctoral). University of KwaZulu-Natal.
  • Navarro-Pérez, J, J., Samper, P., Sancho, P., Georgieva, S., Carbonell, A., & Mestre, M. V. (2022). Development and content validation of a comprehensive tool for assessing situations of risk and/or vulnerability in children: the DAP 360º. [Manuscript submitted for publication]. Department of Social Work and Social Services, Department of Basic Psychology and Department of Developmental and Educational Psychology; University of Valencia.
  • Navarro-Pérez, J., & Pastor-Seller, E. (2019). Dynamic factors in the behavior of young offenders with social adjustment. A study of recidivism. Psychosocial Intervention 26(1), 19-27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psi.2016.08.001
  • Norman, R. E., Byambaa, M., De, R., Butchart, A., Scott, J., & Vos, T. (2012). The long-term health consequences of child physical abuse, emotional abuse, and neglect: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS Medicine, 9(11), 1-31. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001349
  • Organización Mundial de la Salud. (2020). Maltrato infantil. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/child-maltreatment
  • Oshri, A., Duprey, E. B., Kogan, S. M., Carlson, M. W., & Liu, S. (2018). Growth patterns of future orientation among maltreated youth: A prospective examination of the emergence of resilience. Developmental Psychology, 54(8), 1456–1471. https://doi.org/10.1037/dev0000528
  • Ozawa, E., & Hirata, Y. (2020). High school dropout rates of Japanese youth in residential care: an examination of major risk factors. Behavioral Sciences, 10(1), 1-8. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs10010019
  • Panisch, L. S., LaBrenz, C. A., Lawson, J., Gerlach, B., Tennant, P. S., Nulu, S., & Faulkner, M. (2020). Relationships between adverse childhood experiences and protective factors among parents at-risk for child maltreatment. Children and Youth Services Review, 110, 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2020.104816
  • Petersen, A., Joseph, J., & Feit, M. (2014). New directions in child abuse and neglect research. National Research Council.
  • Pfaff, A., & Schlarb, A. A. (2022). Consequences of child maltreatment: A glimpse at stress and sleep. Journal of Sleep Research, 31(2), 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1111/jsr.13456
  • Poole, M. K., Seal, D. W., & Taylor, C. A. (2014). A systematic review of universal campaigns targeting child physical abuse prevention. Health Education Research, 29(3), 388-432. https://doi.org/10.1093/her/cyu012
  • Putnam-Hornstein, E., Needell, B., & Rhodes, A. E. (2013). Understanding risk and protective factors for child maltreatment: The value of integrated, population-based data. Child Abuse & Neglect, 37(2-3), 116-119. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2012.08.006
  • R Core Team (2021). R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing. https://www.R-project.org/
  • Ranasinghe, O., & Wickramasinghe, S. (2016). Child maltreatment in Sri Lanka: an iceberg phenomenon?. Anuradhapura Medical Journal, 10(1), 24-27. https://doi.org/10.4038/amj.v10i1.7604
  • Ravindran, D., Janardhana, N., & Indiramma, V. (2012). Resilience in child sexual abuse: role of protective factors. Artha Journal of Social Sciences, 11(1), 19-33. https://doi.org/10.12724/ajss.20.2
  • Ridings, L. E., Beasley, L. O., & Silovsky, J. F. (2017). Consideration of risk and protective factors for families at risk for child maltreatment: An intervention approach. Journal of Family Violence, 32(2), 179-188. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10896-016-9826-y
  • Save the Children. (2018). Más me duele a mí. La violencia que se ejerce en casa. Save the Children España. https://www.savethechildren.es/sites/default/files/imce/docs/mas_me_duele_a_mi.pdf
  • Shanahan, M. E., Austin, A. E., & Berkoff, M. C. (2022). Prevalence of injuries among Medicaid enrolled infants prior to child abuse and neglect. Child Maltreatment, 27(2), 218-224. https://doi.org/10.1177/10775595211031651
  • Silovsky, J., Bard, D., Owora, A. H., Milojevich, H., Jorgensen, A., & Hecht, D. (2022). Risk and protective factors associated with adverse childhood experiences in vulnerable families: results of a randomized clinical trial of SafeCare®. Child Maltreatment, 2022, 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1177/10775595221100723
  • Spearman, K. J., Alhusen, J. L., Ho, G. W., Smith, K. F., & Campbell, J. C. (2022). Addressing intimate partner violence and child maltreatment: Challenges and opportunities. In R. D. Krugman and J. E. Korbin, Handbook of child maltreatment, (pp. 327-349). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-82479-2
  • Stoltenborgh, M., Bakermans‐Kranenburg, M. J., Alink, L. R., & van IJzendoorn, M. H. (2015). The prevalence of child maltreatment across the globe: Review of a series of meta‐analyses. Child Abuse Review, 24(1), 37-50. https://doi.org/10.1002/car.2353
  • Taillieu, T. L., Brownridge, D. A., Sareen, J., & Afifi, T. O. (2016). Childhood emotional maltreatment and mental disorders: Results from a nationally representative adult sample from the United States. Child Abuse & Neglect, 59, 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2016.07.005
  • Van der Put, C. E., Assink, M., & van Solinge, N. F. B. (2017). Predicting child maltreatment: A meta-analysis of the predictive validity of risk assessment instruments. Child Abuse & Neglect, 73, 71-88. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2017.09.016
  • Vial, A., van der Put, C., Stams, G. J. J., Kossakowski, J., & Assink, M. (2020). Exploring the interrelatedness of risk factors for child maltreatment: A network approach. Child Abuse & Neglect, 107, 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2020.104622
  • Wekerle, C., Goldstein, A. L., Tanaka, M., & Tonmyr, L. (2017). Childhood sexual abuse, sexual motives, and adolescent sexual risk-taking among males and females receiving child welfare services. Child Abuse & Neglect, 66, 101-111. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2017.01.013
  • Yoon, S., Speyer, R., Cordier, R., Aunio, P., & Hakkarainen, A. (2022). A systematic review on evaluating responsiveness of parentor caregiver-reported child maltreatment measures for interventions. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 2022, 1-20. https://doi.org/10.1177/15248380221093690
  • Yule, K., Houston, J., & Grych, J. (2019). Resilience in children exposed to violence: A meta-analysis of protective factors across ecological contexts. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 22(3), 406-431. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10567-019-00293-1
  • Zhang, L., & Topitzes, J. (2022). The Association between Family Physical Environment and Child Maltreatment. Children and Youth Services Review, 139, 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2022.106551