¿La amenaza causa la discriminación o la discriminación causa la amenaza?

  1. Juan A. Pérez
  2. Farah Ghosn
  3. Berta Chulvi
  4. Mariángeles Molpeceres
Revista:
International Journal of Social Psychology, Revista de Psicología Social

ISSN: 0213-4748,  1579-3680

Año de publicación: 2023

Volumen: 38

Número: 2

Páginas: 279-303

Tipo: Artículo

DIALNET GOOGLE SCHOLAR

Otras publicaciones en: International Journal of Social Psychology, Revista de Psicología Social

Resumen

Un nuevo experimento pone a prueba — y confirma — la hipótesis de que ser el autor de la discriminación de la minoría hace que posteriormente se perciba a esta minoría como más amenazante. El procedimiento experimental parte de la base de que el acto de marcar las correcciones de los errores lingüísticos de una persona es un acto performativo que mejora la imagen de competencia del que corrige y empeora la del corregido. El experimento (N = 147) siguió un diseño factorial 2 (autor del texto: un joven gitano vs. un joven) x 2 (hacer correcciones vs. abstenerse de hacerlas). Los resultados sobre la ansiedad ante la amenaza intergrupal hacia los gitanos muestran que la discriminación contra la minoría aumenta la ansiedad por amenaza que se asocia a una interacción posterior con este grupo. Se concluye que discriminar a la minoría hace que la mayoría perciba a la minoría como más amenazante. La discusión de los resultados se centra en cómo esta discriminación en sí misma acaba transformando la representación de esas minorías.

Referencias bibliográficas

  • Aberson, C. L. (2019). Indirect effects of threat on the contact–prejudice relationship: A meta-analysis. Social Psychology, 50(2), 105–126. https://doi.org/10.1027/1864-9335/a000364
  • Austin, J. L. (1962). How to do things with words: The Williams James lectures delivered at Harvard University in 1955. Clarendon Press.
  • Bahns, A. J. (2017). Threat as justification of prejudice. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 20(1), 52–74. https://doi.org/10.1177/1368430215591042
  • Beauchemin, C., Hamel, C., & Simon, P. (2016). Trajectoires et origines. Enquête sur la diversité des populations en France. INED Editions.
  • Blumer, H. (1958). Race prejudice as a sense of group position. The Pacific Sociological Review, 1(1), 3–7. https://doi.org/10.2307/1388607
  • Bonilla-Silva, E. (2014). Racism without racists. Color-blind racism and the persistence of racial inequality in the United States. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.
  • Calvo Buezas, T. (1990). ¿España racista? Voces Payas sobre los Gitanos. Anthropos.
  • Ceobanu, A. M., & Escandell, X. (2010). Comparative analyses of public attitudes toward immigrants and immigration using multinational survey data: A review of theories and research. Annual Review of Sociology, 36(1), 309–328. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.soc.012809.102651
  • Cohn, N. (1970). The pursuit of the millennium: Revolutionary millenarians and mystical anarchists of the middle ages. Oxford University Press.
  • Crandall, C. S., Eshleman, A., & O’Brien, L. (2002). Social norms and the expression and suppression of prejudice: The struggle for internalization. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 82(3), 359–378. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.82.3.359
  • Devine, P. G. (1989). Stereotypes and prejudice: Their automatic and controlled components. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 56(1), 5–18. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.56.1.5
  • Dovidio, J. F., & Gaertner, S. L. (1991). Changes in the expression and assessment of racial prejudice. In J. Harry, R. Knopke, J. Norrell, & W. R. Ronald (Eds.), Opening doors: Perspectives on race relations in contemporary America (pp. 119–148). The University of Alabama Press.
  • Dutton, D. G., & Lake, K. A. (1973). Threat of own prejudice and reverse discrimination in interracial situations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 28(1), 94–100. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0035582
  • Esses, V. M., Dovidio, J. F., Jackson, L. M., & Armstrong, T. L. (2001). The immigration dilemma: The role of perceived group competition, ethnic prejudice, and national identity. Journal of Social Issues, 57(3), 389–412. https://doi.org/10.1111/0022-4537.00220
  • Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Buchner, A., & Lang, A. (2009). Statistical power analyses using G_Power 3.1: Tests for correlation and regression analyses. Behavior Research Methods, 41(4), 1149–1160. https://doi.org/10.3758/BRM.41.4.1149
  • Fein, S., & Spencer, S. J. (1997). Prejudice as self-image maintenance: Affirming the self through derogating others. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 73(1), 31–44. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.73.1.31
  • Iribarne, P. (2010). Les Immigrés de la République. Impasses du Multiculturalisme. Seuil.
  • Islam, M. R., & Hewstone, M. (1993). Dimensions of contact as predictors of intergroup anxiety, perceived out-group variability, and out-group attitude: An integrative model. Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin, 19(6), 700–710. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167293196005
  • Kinder, D. R., & Sears, O. (1981). Prejudice and politics: Symbolic racism versus racial threats to the good life. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 40(3), 414–431. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.40.3.414
  • Kovel, J. (1970). White racism. A psychohistory. Pantheon Books.
  • Ljujic, V., Vedder, P., & Dekker, H. (2012). Romaphobia among Serbian adolescents: The role of national in-group attitudes and perceived threat. Political Psychology, 33(6), 911–924. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9221.2012.00927.x
  • McLaren, L. M. (2003). Anti-immigrant prejudice in Europe: Contact, threat perception, and preferences for the expulsion of migrants. Social Forces, 81(3), 909–936. https://doi.org/10.1353/sof.2003.0038
  • Pérez, J. A. (2021). The taboo against contact with minorities: A folk-anthropology approach to prejudices. Journal for the Theory of Social Behaviour, 51(4), 654–674. https://doi.org/10.1111/jtsb.12327
  • Pérez, J. A., & Ghosn, F. (2020). Gypsies: What threat? Threat and purity in majority and minority relationships. In D. Jodelet, J. Vala, & E. Drozda-Senkowska (Eds.), Societies under threat. A pluri-disciplinary approach. Frontiers in sociology and social research (pp. 110–126). Springer Nature Switzerland. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-39315-1
  • Pérez, J. A. (2006). Pensée ethnique et rapports de type “domestique” ou de type “sauvage”. L’ontologisation des minorités. In R. V. Joule & P. Huguet (Eds.), Bilans et perspectives en Psychologie Sociale (Vol. 1, pp. 143–169). Presses Universitaires de Grenoble.
  • Plant, A. E., & Devine, P. G. (2003). The antecedents and implications of interracial anxiety. Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin, 29(6), 790–801. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167203029006011
  • Putnam, H. (2002). The collapse of the fact value dichotomy and other essays. Harvard University Press.
  • Quillian, L. (1995). Prejudice as a response to perceived group threat: Population composition and anti-immigrant and racial prejudice in Europe. American Sociological Review, 60(4), 586–611. https://doi.org/10.2307/2096296
  • Quillian, L. (1996). Group threat and regional change in attitudes toward African-Americans. American Journal of Sociology, 102(3), 816–860. https://doi.org/10.1086/230998
  • Riek, B. M., Mania, E. W., & Gaertner, S. L. (2006). Intergroup threat and outgroup attitudes: A meta-analytic review. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 10(4), 336–353. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327957pspr1004_4
  • Schlueter, E., Schmidt, P., & Wagner, U. (2008). Disentangling the causal relations of perceived group threat and outgroup derogation: Cross-national evidence from German and Russian panel surveys. European Sociological Review, 24(51), 567–581. https://doi.org/10.1093/esr/jcn029
  • Spencer, S. J., Fein, S., Wolfe, C. T., Fong, C., & Dunn, M. A. (1998). Automatic activation of stereotypes: The role of self-image threat. Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin, 24(11), 1139–1152. https://doi.org/10.1177/01461672982411001
  • Stephan, W. G., Stephan, C. W. (2000). An integrated theory of prejudice, and S. Oskamp (Ed.), Reducing prejudice and discrimination: The Claremont symposium on applied social psychology (pp. 23–45). Erlbaum.
  • Stephan, W. G., Ybarra, O., & Bachman, G. (1999). Prejudice toward immigrants. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 29(11), 2221–2237. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.1999.tb00107.x
  • Stephan, W. G., Ybarra, O., Martinez, C., Schwarzwald, J., & Tur-Kaspa, M. (1998). Prejudice toward immigrants to Spain and Israel: An integrated threat theory analysis. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 29(4), 559–576. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022198294004
  • Stephan, W. G., Ybarra, O., & Morrison, K. R. (2016). Intergroup threat theory. In T. D. Nelson (Ed.), Handbook of prejudice, stereotyping, and discrimination (pp. 255–278). Psychology Press.
  • Tajfel, H. (1981). Social stereotypes and social groups. In J. C. Turner & H. Giles (Eds.), Intergroup behaviour (pp. 144–167). University of Chicago Press.
  • Vertovec, S., & Wessendorf, S. (2010). The Multiculturalism Backlash European discourses, policies and practices. Routledge.
  • Voci, A., & Hewstone, M. (2003). Intergroup contact and prejudice toward immigrants in Italy: The mediational role of anxiety and the moderational role of group salience. Group Processes and Intergroup Relations, 6(1), 37–54. https://doi.org/10.1177/1368430203006001011
  • Zarate, M. A., Garcia, B., Garza, A. A., & Hitlan, R. T. (2004). Cultural threat and perceived realistic group conflict as dual predictors of prejudice. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 40(1), 99–105. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-1031(03)00067-2
Fuente de los datos: Dialnet