European shrinking rural areasKey messages for a refreshed long-term vision

  1. Copus, Andrew
  2. Kahila, Petri
  3. Dax, Thomas
  4. Kovács, Katalin
  5. Tagai, Gergely
  6. Weber, Ryan
  7. Grunfelder, Julien
  8. Meredith, David
  9. Ortega-Reig, Mar
  10. Piras, Simone
  11. Löfving, Linnea
  12. Moodie, John
  13. Fritsch, Matti
  14. Ferrandis, Adrián
Revista:
Terra: revista de desarrollo local

ISSN: 2386-9968

Año de publicación: 2021

Número: 8

Páginas: 280-309

Tipo: Artículo

DOI: 10.7203/TERRA.8.20366 DIALNET GOOGLE SCHOLAR lock_openAcceso abierto editor

Otras publicaciones en: Terra: revista de desarrollo local

Resumen

Resumen: El artículo comienza con un debate sobre el concepto de “contracción” y sus orígenes, fuera del ámbito del desarrollo rural. A partir de ahí, se muestra la distribución de las zonas rurales en contracción en toda Europa. A continuación, se describen los procesos socioeconómicos que impulsan el declive demográfico en las zonas rurales, utilizando tanto la revisión bibliográfica del proyecto ESCAPE como los resultados de sus ocho estudios de caso. Seguidamente, se describe de forma breve la evolución de las intervenciones de la UE para paliar los efectos del declive demográfico, y se hacen algunas observaciones sobre el panorama político/de gobernanza actual. Concluimos considerando cómo una mejor comprensión del problema y del proceso de reducción puede conducir a intervenciones más eficaces, en el contexto de una visión renovada a largo plazo para el medio rural europeo. Este último debe reconocer plenamente el creciente abanico de oportunidades a las que se enfrentan las zonas rurales, a medida que la COVID-19 cambia estas y se aceleran las transformaciones en el comportamiento laboral y en la geografía de la actividad económica, y se cumplen los anteriores cambios graduales en la tecnología y los mercados. Palabras clave: Espacios rurales, declive demográfico, enfoque neo-endógeno, crecimiento inclusivo.

Referencias bibliográficas

  • Amcoff, J. (2006). Rural population growth in Sweden in the 1990s: unexpected reality or spatial–statistical chimera? Population, Space and Place, 12(3), 171-185. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/psp.407
  • Bański, J., and Flaga, M. (2013). The Areas of Unfavourable Demographic Processes in Eastern Poland – Selected Aspects. Barometr Regionalny, 11(2), 17-24
  • Brown, D., and Wardwell, J. (eds.) (1980). New Directions in Urban-Rural Migration. The Population Turnaround in Rural America. New York: Academic Press.
  • Champion, T. (2001). The continuing urban-rural population movement in Britain: trends, patterns, significance. Espace Populations Sociétés, 19(1), 37-51. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/espos.2001.1975
  • Copus A., Courtney, P., Dax, T., Meredith, D., Noguera, J., Shucksmith, M., and Talbot, H. (2011). Final Report, ESPON 2013 project EDORA (European Development Opportunities for Rural Areas), Project 2013/1/2. Retrieved from: https://www.espon.eu/programme/projects/espon-2013/applied-research/edora-european-development-opportunities-rural-areas (16/06/2021)
  • Copus, A. (2010). A Review of Planned and Actual Rural Development Expenditure in the EU 2007-2013, Deliverables D4.1, 4.2, 5.1, and 5.2, RuDI, Assessing the impact of rural development policies (incl. LEADER), EU Framework 7 Programme Project no. 213034
  • Copus, A., and Dax, T. (2020). Policy Context. Annex 1 to the Final Report of ESPON ESCAPE (European Shrinking Rural Areas: Challenges, Actions and Perspectives for Territorial Governance). Retrieved from: https://www.espon.eu/escape (16/06/2021).
  • Copus, A., Dax, T., Machold, I., Mantino, F., Forcina, B., Weck, S., and Beißwenger, S. (2017a). PROFECY – Processes, Features and Cycles of Inner Peripheries in Europe. Inner Peripheries: national territories facing challenges of access to basic services of general interest, Strategies for Inner Peripheries Annex 19, Version 07/12/2017. ESPON Project EE/SO1/013/2016. ESPON EGTC, Luxembourg.
  • Copus, A., Kahila, P., Fritsch, M., Dax, T., Kovács, K., Tagai, G., Weber, R., Grunfelder, J., Löfving, L., Moodie, J., Ortega-Reig, M., Ferrandis, A., Piras, S., and Meredith, D. (2020). ESPON ESCAPE (European Shrinking Rural Areas: Challenges, Actions and Perspectives for Territorial Governance) Final Report. Retrieved from: https://www.espon.eu/escape (16/06/2021).
  • Copus, A., Mantino, F., and Noguera, J. (2017b). Inner Peripheries: an oxymoron or a real challenge for territorial cohesion? Italian Journal of Planning Practice, 7(1), 24-49.
  • Copus, A., Piras, S., Tobiasz-Lis, P., Dmochowska-Dudek, K., Wójcik, M., and Napierał, T. (2019). Synthesis Report: Towards an Operational Concept of Spatial Justice, Deliverable 8.2, RELOCAL Project. Retrieved from: https://relocal.eu/deliverables/ . (16/06/2021).
  • da Rosa Pires, A., Pertoldi, M., Edwards, J., and Hegyi, F. (2014). Smart Specialisation and innovation in rural areas. S3 Policy Brief Series, 9. Retrieved from: https://scholar.google.com/scholar_url?url=https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Fatime_Hegyi/publication/338170530_Smart_Specialisation_and_Innovation_in_Rural_Areas/links/5e04949b299bf10bc3797c5b/Smart-Specialisation-and-Innovation-in-Rural-Areas.pdf&hl=en&sa=T&oi=gsb-gga&ct=res&cd=0&d=6276098690344350154&ei=d-jJYK_CMcSsywSBmKRw&scisig=AAGBfm3m_FQBGhcBFvdOWzcQCvLbjXwZnQ (16/06/2021)
  • Darques, R. (2004). L’Albanie en transition: mutations démographiques et recomposition territoriale (1989–2001). Espace, populations, sociétés, (3), 559-575 http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/eps.390
  • Dax, T., and Copus, A. (2016). The Future of Rural Development, Chapter 3, p221-303, in Reflections on the Agricultural Challenges Post 2020 in the EU: Preparing the Next CAP Reform, European Parliament, Directorate General for Internal Policies, Policy Department B: Structural and Cohesion Policies, Agriculture and Rural Development. Retrieved from: http://www.europarl.europa.eu/thinktank/en/document.html?reference=IPOL_STU(2016)585898 (16/06/2021).
  • Dax, T., and Copus, A. (2020). How to achieve a transformation framework for Shrinking Rural Regions. Annex 13 to the Final Report of ESPON ESCAPE (European Shrinking Rural Areas: Challenges, Actions and Perspectives for Territorial Governance). Retrieved from: https://www.espon.eu/escape (16/06/2021).
  • Dwyer, J. (ed.) (2008). Review of Rural Development Instruments: DG Agri project 2006-G4-10 Retrieved from: https://ec.europa.eu/info/food-farming-fisheries/key-policies/common-agricultural-policy/evaluation-policy-measures/rural-areas/review-rural-development-instruments_en (16/06/2021).
  • ESPON (2010). DEMIFER, Demographic and Migratory Flows affecting European Regions and Cities. Final Report. ESPON 2013 project. Luxembourg.
  • ESPON (2017). Policy brief: Shrinking rural regions in Europe. Luxembourg: ESPON EGTC. Retrieved from: https://www.espon.eu/rural-shrinking (16/06/2021).
  • European Commission (EC) (2017a). Economic Challenges of Lagging Regions - Final report. Brussels: European Commission. Retrieved from: https://ec.europa.eu/regional_policy/sources/docgener/studies/pdf/challenges_lagging/econ_challenges_lagging_en.pdf (16/06/2021).
  • European Commission (EC) (2017b). Technical Handbook on the monitoring and evaluation framework of the Common Agricultural Policy 2014-2020. Brussels. Retrieved from: https://ec.europa.eu/info/food-farming-fisheries/key-policies/common-agricultural-policy/cmef_en (16/06/2021).
  • European Opinion (2005). The Low-Fertility Trap, posted by E. Hugh (July 20, 2005) Retrieved from: http://fistfulofeuros.net/afoe/the-low-fertility-trap/ (16/06/2021)
  • Farole, T., Goga, S., and Ionescu-Heroiu, M. (2018). Rethinking Lagging Regions, Using Cohesion Policy to Deliver on the Potential of Europe’s Regions, World Bank
  • Fondation Robert Schuman (2018). Europe 2050: Demographic Suicide. Retrieved from https://www.robert-schuman.eu/en/european-issues/0462-europe-2050-demographic-suicide (16/06/2021).
  • Franklin, R. (2019). What we talk about when we talk about depopulation. Blog of the regional Studies Association. Posted 2 April 2019. Retrieved from: https://www.regionalstudies.org/news/what-we-talk-about-when-we-talk-about-depopulation/ (16/06/2021).
  • García Pérez, I. (2016). Report on the deployment of cohesion policy instruments by regions to address demographic change. European Parliament Committee on Regional Development. Retrieved from: https://www.europarl.europa.eu/doceo/document/A-8-2017-0329_EN.html (16/06/2021).
  • Garretsen, H., McCann, P., Martin, R., and Tyler, P. (2013). The future of regional policy. Cambridge Journal of Regions, Economy and Society, (6), 179-186. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cjres/rst013
  • Gløersen, E., Drăgulin, M., Hans, S., Kaucic, J., Schuh, B., Keringer, F., and Celotti, P. (2016). The impact of demographic change on European regions. Report for the Committee of the Regions. Retrieved from: https://op.europa.eu/en/publication-detail/-/publication/73bac530-ecd4-11e5-8a81-01aa75ed71a1/language-en (16/06/2021)
  • Grasland, C., Ysebaert, R., Corminboeuf, B., Gaubert, N., Lambert, N., Salmon, I., Baron, M., Baudet-Michel, S., Ducom, E., Rivière, D., Schmoll, C., Zanin, C., Gensel, J., Vincent, J., Plumejeaud, C., Van Hamme, G., Holm, E., Strömgren, M., Coppola, P., Salaris, A., Groza, G., Muntele, I., Turcanasu, G., and Stoleriu, O. (2008). Shrinking Regions: A Paradigm Shift in Demography and Territorial Development. Study for Directorate-General for Internal Policies of the Union, Policy Department B: Structural and Cohesion Policy, European Parliament. Brussels: European Parliament. Retrieved from: http://www.europarl.europa.eu/thinktank/en/document.html?reference=IPOL-REGI_ET(2008)408928 (16/06/2021).
  • Grimsrud, G. (2011). How well does the ‘counter‐urbanisation story’ travel to other countries? the case of Norway. Population, Space and Place, 17(5), 642-655. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/psp.655
  • Herrera, J. (2017). Opinion of the European Committee of the Regions — The EU response to the demographic challenge, Official Journal of the European Union, 2017/C 017/08.
  • Kahila, P., Fritsch, M., and Sinerma, J. (2020). Structures and Practices for Governance. Annex 14 to the Final Report of ESPON ESCAPE (European Shrinking Rural Areas: Challenges, Actions and Perspectives for Territorial Governance). Retrieved from: https://www.espon.eu/escape (16/06/2021).
  • Kovács, K., Tagai, G., and Ortega-Reig, M. (2020). Case Study Synthesis Report. Annex 4 to the Final Report of ESPON ESCAPE (European Shrinking Rural Areas: Challenges, Actions and Perspectives for Territorial Governance). Retrieved from: https://www.espon.eu/escape (16/06/2021).
  • Kukovič, S. (2018). Coping with Demographic Challenges: Case of Slovenian Local Communities. Journal of Comparative Politics, 11(2), 83-100.
  • Lang, T., and Görmar, F. (2019). Regional and Local Development In Times of Polarisation: Re-Thinking Spatial Policies in Europe (p. 382). Springer Nature.
  • Lukić, A. (2013). Tourism, farm diversification and plurality of rurality: case study of Croatia. European Countryside, (4), 356-376.
  • Margaras, V. (2016). Sparsely Populated and Under Populated areas. European Parliament Briefing, Retrieved from: https://www.europarl.europa.eu/thinktank/en/document.html?reference=EPRS_BRI(2019)633160 (16/06/2021)
  • Margaras, V. (2019). Demographic Trends in EU Regions. European Parliament Briefing, Retrieved from: https://www.europarl.europa.eu/thinktank/en/document.html?reference=EPRS_BRI(2019)633160 (16/06/2021).
  • Martínez-Fernández, C., Kubo, N., Noya, A., and Weyman, T. (2012). Demographic Change and Local Development: Shrinkage, Regeneration and Social Dynamics. OECD Local Economic and Employment Development (LEED), Paris.
  • Meredith, D. (2020a). High Level Stakeholder Interviews. Annex 3 to the Final Report of ESPON ESCAPE (European Shrinking Rural Areas: Challenges, Actions and Perspectives for Territorial Governance). Retrieved from: https://www.espon.eu/escape (16/06/2021).
  • Meredith, D. (2020b). Just Transition and EU Policy: A brief Overview of the Implications of the Green Deal for Rural Regions. Annex 16 to the Final Report of ESPON ESCAPE (European Shrinking Rural Areas: Challenges, Actions and Perspectives for Territorial Governance). Retrieved from: https://www.espon.eu/escape (16/06/2021).
  • Milbert, A. (2015). Wachsen oder Schrumpfen? BBSR Analysen KOMPAKT 12/2015. Bundesinstitut für Bonn: Bau-, Stadt- und Regionalforschung (BBSR).
  • Moss, L. (ed.) (2006). The Amenity Migrants: Seeking and Sustaining Mountains and their Cultures. Wallingford, UK, and Cambridge, MA: CABI Publications.
  • Müller, B., and Siedentop, S. (2004). Wachstum und Schrumpfung in Deutschland; Trends, Perspektiven und Herausforderungen für die räumliche Planung und Entwicklung. Deutsche Zeitschrift für Kommunalwissenschaften, 43(1), 14-32.
  • Nikitović, V. (2016). Demographic limits to sustainable development of mountain regions in Serbia. In G. Zhelezov (ed.), Sustainable Development in Mountain Regions, (pp. 241-251). Springer, Cham.
  • OECD (2017). OECD Territorial Reviews: Northern Sparsely Populated Areas. Paris: OECD Publishing.
  • OECD (2019). Beyond Growth: Towards a New Economic Approach. Report of the Secretary General’s Advisory Group on a New Growth Narrative. SG/NAEC(2019)3. Paris.
  • OECD (2020). Rural Well-being: Geography of Opportunities, OECD Rural Studies, OECD Publishing, Paris. Retrieved from: https://doi.org/10.1787/d25cef80-en (16/06/2021).
  • Oedl-Wieser, T., Fischer, M., and Dax, T. (2019). Bevölkerungsrückgang in ländlichen Regionen Österreichs: Lebensphasen- und geschlechter-spezifische Wanderungsbewegungen vor dem Hintergrund von Motiven und Lebensqualität. Austrian Journal of Agricultural Economics and Rural Studies, 27(1), 151-159. DOI 10.15203/OEGA_27.19.
  • ÖROK (2019). Kleinräumige Bevölkerungsprognose für Österreich 2018 bis 2040 mit einer Projektion bis 2060 und Modellfortschreibung bis 2075 (ÖROK-Prognose), Wien.
  • Oswalt, P. (2008). Hypothesen zum städtischen Schrumpfen im 21. Jahrhundert. Project Shrinking Cities, Berlin. Retrieved from: http://www.shrinkingcities.com/hypothesen.0.html (16/09/2021)
  • Oswalt, P. (ed.) (2006). Shrinking Cities: Complete Works 1 and 2, Analyse/Analysis. Aachen: ARCH+ Verlag GmbH.
  • Piras, S., Tagai, G., and Grunfelder, J. (2020). Measuring, mapping and classifying simple and complex shrinkage. Annex 2 to the Final Report of ESPON ESCAPE (European Shrinking Rural Areas: Challenges, Actions and Perspectives for Territorial Governance). Retrieved from: https://www.espon.eu/escape (16/06/2021).
  • Ray, C. (2006). Neo-endogenous rural development in the EU. Handbook of rural studies, (1), 278-291.
  • Sánchez-Sánchez, A. (2016). Rural development policy and the effects of depopulation on the preservation of Spanish heritage. Master’s thesis. Columbia University. Retrieved from: https://academiccommons.columbia.edu/doi/10.7916/D83N23H7 (16/06/2021).
  • Sepp, V., and Veemaa, J. (2017). Shrinking regions and innovative solutions: entrepreneurship, employment and the accessibility of services. Study report was commissioned by the Estonian Ministry of Finance, Department of Regional Development, Tartu.
  • Šimon, M., and Mikešová, R. (eds.) (2014). Population Development and Policy in Shrinking Regions: the Case of Central Europe. ADPT2DC project report.
  • Stenson, E. (2017). Revitalisation of rural areas through Smart Villages. Opinion: European Committee of the Region: 126th plenary session − 30 November/1 December 2017. Retrieved from: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:52017IR3465&from=EN (16/06/2021).
  • Stockdale, A. (2016). Contemporary and ‘messy’rural in‐migration processes: Comparing counterurban and lateral rural migration. Population, space and place, 22(6), 599-616.
  • Tanović, M., Golijanin, J., and Grmusa, M. (2014). The impact of relief on the distribution of the population in the area of East Sarajevo. Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences, 5(22), 176. http://dx.doi.org/10.5901/mjss.2014.v5n22p176
  • The Guardian (23 August 2015). Europe needs many more babies to avert a population disaster.
  • Ubarevičiene, R., van Ham, M., and Burnieka, D. (2016). Shrinking Regions in a Shrinking Country: The Geography of Population Decline in Lithuania 2001–2011. Urban Studies Research, Article ID 5395379. http://dx.doi.org/10.5901/mjss.2014.v5n22p176
  • United Nations Development Group – UNDG (2018). Theory of Change. UNDAF Companion Guidance. Retrieved from: https://unsdg.un.org/resources/theory-change-undaf-companion-guidance (17/06/2021).
  • Valters, C. (2015). Theories of Change. Time for a radical approach to learning in development. London: Overseas Development Institute. Retrieved from: https://odi.org/en/publications/theories-of-change-time-for-a-radical-approach-to-learning-in-development/ (17/06/2021).
  • Verwest, F., and van Dam, F. (2010). From combating to managing: Demographic decline in the Netherlands. The Hague: Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency. Retrieved from: https://www.pbl.nl/sites/default/files/cms/publicaties/PBL_2012_From-combating-to-managing-demographic-decline-in-the-netherlands.pdf (16/06/2021).
  • Weber, R., Moodie, J., and Löfving, L. (2020). EU, National and Regional Policy Reporting. Annex 15 to the Final Report of ESPON ESCAPE (European Shrinking Rural Areas: Challenges, Actions and Perspectives for Territorial Governance). Retrieved from: https://www.espon.eu/escape (16/06/2021).
  • Wiechmann, T. (2003). Zwischen spektakulärer Inszenierung und pragmatischem Rückbau - Umbau von schrumpfenden Stadtregionen in Europa. In G. Hutter, G. I. Iwanow, I. and Müller, B. (eds.), Demographischer Wandel und Strategien der Bestandsentwicklung in Städten und Regionen, (pp, 103-126). Dresden: IOR-Schriften.
  • Wiest, K., and Leibert, T. (2016). The interplay of gender and migration in Europe’s remote and economically weak rural regions: Introduction to a special issue. Journal of Rural Studies, (43), 261-266. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2016.01.007.