Spanish validation of the Servant Leadership Short Scale for young adults and adolescents
- Reynaldo G. Rivera
- David Santos
- Manuel Martín-Fernández
ISSN: 0213-4748, 1579-3680
Año de publicación: 2017
Volumen: 32
Número: 2
Páginas: 407-423
Tipo: Artículo
Otras publicaciones en: International Journal of Social Psychology, Revista de Psicología Social
Resumen
El objetivo del presente estudio fue validar una versión abreviada de la escala Perfil de Liderazgo de Servicio (Servant Leadership Profile o SLP). En el Estudio 1, diversos expertos evaluaron y redujeron la escala original a 14 ítems, y la denominaron Escala de Liderazgo de Servicio — Versión Abreviada (ELSVA). El análisis factorial exploratorio realizado con una muestra de 1001 estudiantes reveló dos modelos estructurales posibles, una estructura unifactorial y una estructura de dos factores correlacionados. En el Estudio 2 se utilizó una muestra diferente de 456 estudiantes para analizar dichas estructuras a través de un análisis factorial confirmatorio, por el que se propuso una solución unifactorial (χ2/gl = 3.4, CFI = .91, TLI = .90, RMSEA = .07, SRMR = .06). Por último, en el Estudio 3, incluimos el liderazgo de servicio como predictor de la autoeficacia (b = .685, p < .001) y demostramos su validez predictiva. Este modelo explica el 41.55% de la varianza en autoeficacia. Los análisis de fiabilidad de los tres estudios demostraron que la versión española de 14 ítems tiene una consistencia interna elevada. En conjunto, los resultados de los tres estudios apoyan el uso de la ELSVA en futuras investigaciones.
Información de financiación
Financiadores
-
European Commission Erasmus + KA2 Cooperation for Innovation and the Exchange of Good Practices: Capacity Building in the field of Youth.
- 2014-1-ES02-KA105-000155
Referencias bibliográficas
- Aiken, L. S., & West, S. G. (1991). Multiple regression: Testing and interpreting interactions. Newbury Park, CA: Sage. ,
- Antino, M., Gil-Rodríguez, F., Rodríguez-Muñoz, A., & Borzillo, S. (2014). Evaluating positive leadership: Pilot study on the psychometric properties of a reduced version of the Positive Leadership Assessment Scale/Evaluando el liderazgo positivo: Estudio piloto de las propiedades psicométricas de una versión reducida del Positive Leadership Assessment Scale. Revista de Psicología Social/ International Journal of Social Psychology, 29, 589–608., ,
- Asparouhov, T., & Muthén, B. (2010). Computing the strictly positive Satorra-Bentler chi-square test in Mplus. Mplus Web Notes, 12. Retrieved from https://www.statmodel.com/examples/webnotes/webnote12.pdf
- Avolio, B. J., & Gardner, W. L. (2005). Authentic leadership development: Getting to the root of positive forms of leadership. The Leadership Quarterly, 16, 315–338. doi:10.1016/j.leaqua.2005.03.001 , ,
- Barbuto, J. E., & Wheeler, D. W. (2006). Scale development and construct clarification of servant leadership. Group & Organization Management, 31, 300–326. doi:10.1177/1059601106287091 , ,
- Bass, B. M., & Riggio, R. E. (2006). Transformational leadership. New York, NY: Psychology Press. ,
- Bierly, P. E., Kessler, E. H., & Christensen, E. W. (2000). Organizational learning, knowledge and wisdom. Journal of Organizational Change Management, 13, 595–618. doi:10.1108/09534810010378605 , ,
- Cattell, R. B. (1951). New concepts for measuring leadership in terms of group syntality. Human Relations, 4, 161–184. doi:10.1177/001872675100400203 , ,
- Cerit, Y. (2009). The effects of servant leadership behaviours of school principals on teachers’ job satisfaction. Educational Management Administration & Leadership, 37, 600–623. doi:10.1177/1741143209339650 , ,
- Conger, J. A., & Kanungo, R. N. (1994). Charismatic leadership in organizations: Perceived behavioral attributes and their measurement. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 15, 439–452. doi:10.1002/job.4030150508 , ,
- Dennis, R., & Winston, B. E. (2003). A factor analysis of Page and Wong’s servant leadership instrument. Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 24, 455–459. doi:10.1108/01437730310505885 ,
- Dziuban, C. D., & Shirkey, E. C. (1974). When is a correlation matrix appropriate for factor analysis? Some decision rules. Psychological Bulletin, 81, 358–361. doi:10.1037/h0036316 , ,
- Eagly, A. H., Johannesen-Schmidt, M. C., & Van Engen, M. L. (2003). Transformational, transactional, and laissez-faire leadership styles: A meta-analysis comparing women and men. Psychological Bulletin, 129, 569–591. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.129.4.569 , , ,
- Eagly, A. H., & Karau, S. J. (1991). Gender and the emergence of leaders: A meta-analysis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 60, 685–710. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.60.5.685 , ,
- García-Guiu, C., Molero, F., & Moriano, J. A. (2015). Authentic leadership and its influence on group cohesion and organizational identification: The role of organizational justice as a mediating variable/El liderazgo auténtico y su influencia sobre la cohesión grupal y la identificación organizacional: el papel de la justicia organizacional como variable mediadora. Revista de Psicología Social/ International Journal of Social Psychology, 30, 60–88., ,
- Gong, Y., Huang, J.-C., & Farh, J.-L. (2009). Employee learning orientation, transformational leadership, and employee creativity: The mediating role of employee creative self-efficacy. Academy of Management Journal, 52, 765–778. doi:10.5465/AMJ.2009.43670890 , ,
- Graham, J. W. (1991). Servant-leadership in organizations: Inspirational and moral. The Leadership Quarterly, 2, 105–119. doi:10.1016/1048-9843(91)90025-W ,
- Greenleaf, R. K. (1977). Servant leadership. Mahwah, NJ: Paulist Press.
- Greenleaf, R. K., & Spears, L. C. (1998). The power of servant-leadership: Essays. Oakland, CA: Berrett-Koehler Publishers.
- Grothaus, T. (2004). Empowering adolescents as servant-leaders: Promoting resiliency, positive networking, and community stewardship. Reclaiming Children and Youth, 12, 228–231. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/214193732?accountid=14478
- Hambleton, R. K., Sireci, S. G., & Zumbo, B. D. (2013). Psychometric methods and practices. New York, NY: Routledge.
- Horn, J. L. (1965). A rationale and test for the number of factors in factor analysis. Psychometrika., 30, 179–185. doi:10.1007/BF02289447 , , ,
- Howell, J. M., & Frost, P. J. (1989). A laboratory study of charismatic leadership. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 43, 243–269. doi:10.1016/0749-5978(89)90052-6 , ,
- Hu, L.-T., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 6, 1–55. doi:10.1080/10705519909540118, ,
- Izquierdo, I., Olea, J., & Abad, F. J. (2014). Exploratory factor analysis in validation studies: Uses and recommendations. Psicothema, 26, 395–400. doi:10.7334/psicothema2013.349j.leaqua.2008.01.006/ , , ,
- Judge, T. A., & Piccolo, R. F. (2004). Transformational and transactional leadership: A meta-analytic test of their relative validity. Journal of Applied Psychology, 89, 755–768. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.89.5.755 , , ,
- Kaiser, H. F. (1970). A second generation little jiffy. Psychometrika, 35, 401–415. doi:10.1007/BF02291817 , ,
- León, O. G., & Montero, I. (2003). Métodos de investigación en psicología y educación (3rd ed.). Madrid: McGraw-Hill.
- Libby, M., Sedonaen, M., & Bliss, S. (2006). The mystery of youth leadership development: The path to just communities. New Directions for Student Leadership, 2006(109), 13–25. doi:10.1002/yd.152 ,
- Liden, R. C., Wayne, S. J., Meuser, J. D., Hu, J., Wu, J., & Liao, C. (2015). Servant leadership: Validation of a short form of the SL-28. The Leadership Quarterly, 26, 254–269. doi:10.1016/j.leaqua.2014.12.002 , ,
- Liden, R. C., Wayne, S. J., Zhao, H., & Henderson, D. (2008). Servant leadership: Development of a multidimensional measure and multi-level assessment. The Leadership Quarterly, 19, 161–177. doi:10.1016/j.leaqua.2008.01.006 , ,
- Lorenzo-Seva, U., & Ferrando, P. J. (2006). FACTOR: A computer program to fit the exploratory factor analysis model. Behavior Research Methods, 38, 88–91. doi:10.3758/BF03192753 , , ,
- Lowe, K. B., Kroeck, K. G., & Sivasubramaniam, N. (1996). Effectiveness correlates of transformational and transactional leadership: A meta-analytic review of the MLQ literature. The Leadership Quarterly, 7, 385–425. doi:10.1016/S1048-9843(96)90027-2 , ,
- MacCallum, R. C., Browne, M. W., & Sugawara, H. M. (1996). Power analysis and determination of sample size for covariance structure modeling. Psychological Methods, 1, 130–149. doi:10.1037/1082-989X.1.2.130 , ,
- Mislevy, R. J., & Bock, R. D. (1990). BILOG 3: Item analysis and test scoring with binary logistic models. Mooresville, IN: Scientific Software.
- Molero, F., Cuadrado, I., Navas, M., & Morales, J. (2007). Relations and effects of transformational leadership: A comparative analysis with traditional leadership styles. The Spanish Journal of Psychology, 10, 358–368. doi:10.1017/S1138741600006624 , , ,
- Page, D., & Wong, T. P. (2000). A conceptual framework for measuring servant-leadership. In S. D. K. Adjibolosoo (Ed.), The human factor in shaping the course of history and development (pp. 69–110). Washington, DC: American University Press.
- Paredes, B., Stavraki, M., Díaz, D., Gandarillas, B., & Briñol, P. (2015). Validity and reliability of the Spanish Version of the Revised Self-Monitoring Scale. The Spanish Journal of Psychology, 18, 1–11. doi:10.1017/sjp.2015.64 , ,
- Parris, D. L., & Peachey, J. W. (2013). A systematic literature review of servant leadership theory in organizational contexts. Journal of Business Ethics, 113, 377–393. doi:10.1007/s10551-012-1322-6 , ,
- Poon, R. (2006, August). A model for servant leadership, self-efficacy, and mentorship. Servant Leadership Research Roundtable. Retrieved August 14, 2011, from http://www.regent.edu/acad/sls/publications/conference_proceedings/servant_leadership_roundtable/2006/pdf/poon.pdf
- Prussia, G. E., Anderson, J. S., & Manz, C. C. (1998). Self-leadership and performance outcomes: The mediating influence of self-efficacy. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 19, 523–538. doi:10.1002/(ISSN)1099-1379 , ,
- R Development Core Team. (2015). R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R foundation for Statistical Computing. Retrieved from https://www.R-project.org/
- Reed, L. L., Vidaver-Cohen, D., & Colwell, S. R. (2011). A new scale to measure executive servant leadership: Development, analysis, and implications for research. Journal of Business Ethics, 101, 415–434. doi:10.1007/s10551-010-0729-1 , ,
- Revelle, W. (2015). Psych: Procedures for personality and psychological research Evanston, IL: Northwestern University. Retrieved from http://CRAN.R-project.org/package=psych Version = 1.5.4.
- Rodríguez-Carvajal, R., De Rivas, S., Herrero, M., Moreno-Jiménez, B., & Van Dierendonck, D. (2014). Leading people positively: Cross-cultural validation of the Servant Leadership Survey (SLS). The Spanish Journal of Psychology, 17. doi:10.1017/sjp.2014.73 , , ,
- Ross, S. M., & Offermann, L. R. (1997). Transformational leaders: Measurement of personality attributes and work group performance. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 23, 1078–1086. doi:10.1177/01461672972310008 , ,
- Rosseel, Y. (2012). Lavaan: An R package for structural equation modeling. Journal of Statistical Software, 48(2), 1–36. doi:10.18637/jss.v048.i02 , ,
- Scholz, U., Doña, B. G., Sud, S., & Schwarzer, R. (2002). Is general self-efficacy a universal construct? Psychometric findings from 25 countries. European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 18, 242–251. doi:10.1027//1015-5759.18.3.242 , ,
- Schwarzer, R., & Jerusalem, M. (1995). Generalized Self-Efficacy Scale. In J. Weinman, S. Wright, & M. Johnston (Eds.), Measures in health psychology: A users portfolio. Causal and control beliefs (pp. 35–37). Windsor, UK: Nfer-Nelson.
- Sendjaya, S., & Sarros, J. C. (2002). Servant leadership: Its origin, development, and application in organizations. Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies, 9, 57–64. doi:10.1177/107179190200900205 ,
- Sendjaya, S., Sarros, J. C., & Santora, J. C. (2008). Defining and measuring servant leadership behaviour in organizations. Journal of Management Studies, 45, 402–424. doi:10.1111/j.1467-6486.2007.00761.x , ,
- Shamir, B., House, R. J., & Arthur, M. B. (1993). The motivational effects of charismatic leadership: A self-concept based theory. Organization Science, 4, 577–594. doi:10.1287/orsc.4.4.577 , ,
- Stone, A., Russell, R. F., & Patterson, K. (2004). Transformational versus servant leadership: A difference in leader focus. Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 25, 349–361. doi:10.1108/01437730410538671 ,
- Van De Vijver, F., & Hambleton, R. K. (1996). Translating tests. European Psychologist, 1, 89–99. doi:10.1027/1016-9040.1.2.89 , ,
- Van Dierendonck, D. (2011). Servant leadership: A review and synthesis. Journal of Management, 37, 1228–1261. doi:10.1177/0149206310380462 , ,
- Van Dierendonck, D., & Nuijten, I. (2011). The servant leadership survey: Development and validation of a multidimensional measure. Journal of Business and Psychology, 26, 249–267. doi:10.1007/s10869-010-9194-1 , , ,
- Velicer, W. F. (1976). Determining the number of components from the matrix of partial correlations. Psychometrika, 41, 321–327. doi:10.1007/BF02293557 , ,
- Walumbwa, F. O., Hartnell, C. A., & Oke, A. (2010). Servant leadership, procedural justice climate, service climate, employee attitudes, and organizational citizenship behavior: A cross-level investigation. Journal of Applied Psychology, 95, 517–529. doi:10.1037/a0018867 , , ,
- Xu, L., Stewart, T., & Haber-Curran, P. (2015). Measurement invariance of the Servant Leadership Questionnaire across K-12 principal gender. School Leadership & Management, 35, 202–214. doi:10.1080/13632434.2015.1010502,
- Zwick, W. R., & Velicer, W. F. (1986). Comparison of five rules for determining the number of components to retain. Psychological Bulletin, 99, 432–442. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.99.3.432