Efecte antigenotòxic i modulador de l'expressió d'enzims antioxidants per procianidines del vi negre en condicions d'estrès oxidatiu

Resumen

Procyanidins are oligomeric flavonoids (flavan-3-ols), which exert a wide range of beneficial effects on many diseases such as cancer, diabetes and cardiovascular dysfunctions. The health-protective properties of procyanidins have mainly been attributed to their antioxidant activity, which involves mechanisms such as reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging. It is widely accepted that increased oxidative stress is involved in the development and progression of many diseases and their complications, because of excessive ROS generation. However, the effects of procyanidins and their mechanisms must be studied because it has been reported that, as flavonoid compounds, they can act as signaling molecules and these effects, in conjunction with their known antioxidant activity, will enable them to extend their roles and possible therapeutic applications. So the main aim of the thesis is to increase understanding of how procyanidins modulate the cellular redox equilibrium, both at the level of DNA and at the level of the gene expression of the antioxidant enzyme systems in oxidative stress-induced study models (in vivo and in vitro). Since procyanidins are mainly found in red wine, a grape seed procyanidin extract (GSPE) was used as a flavonoid source. The antigenotoxic GSPE capacity in vitro, compared with monomeric flavonoids by the Comet assay, demonstrates that flavonoids protect DNA against oxidative insult and that the efficiency is correlated with the flavonoid structure. In fact, procyanidins, which are made up of oligomeric units with more antioxidant reactive cores, and therefore have greater antioxidant capacity than their basic monomers (catechin and epicatechin), are more effective against oxidative genomic injury. On the other hand, quercetin, a flavonol whose structure has been reported to be optimum for an antioxidant role, is the most effective of all the flavonoids analyzed. However, the preventive effect of flavonoids is more significant if, before the cells are subjected to oxidative stress induction, we incubate the flavonoids in the culture medium. So ROS scavenging action is not the only means by which procyanidins and other flavonoids prevent oxidative insults to DNA but there is an enhancement of such cellular adaptation mechanisms as gene expression of the antioxidant defence system. In this sense, the in vitro analysis of the effect of procyanidins on gene expression shows a transcriptional activation of glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and glutathione S-transferase (GST) and a posttranslational regulation of Cu,Zn-superoxide dismutase (Cu,Zn-SOD), which is particularly high at 15 mg/L of GSPE. The oxidative conditions are established by decreasing the glutathione (GSH) levels associated to high levels of lipid peroxidation. In these conditions there is no coordinated response of the gene expression profile although there is an enhancement of glutathione cycle-related enzyme activities. Pre-incubating the hepatocytes with procyanidins prevents the glutathione from decreasing, but keeps the redox status stable despite the oxidative conditions. This is probably due to of the fact that the rate-limiting enzyme for GSH synthesis is activated, which stimulates de novo synthesis of GSH. The fact that the redox stability is maintained suggests that the increase observed in the glutathione-related enzyme activities strengthens the antioxidant defence system against possible oxidative injuries. Procyanidins post-translationally regulate the Cu,Zn-SOD in an in vivo model of rat hepatocytes. This is also confirmed in an in vitro model using Fao cells and the regulation is again more enhanced at 15 mg/L, suggesting that this dose exerts greater effects and needs to be studied in more depth. On the other hand, procyanidins do not significantly modify the Cu,Zn-SOD gene expression profile in vivo, when t