Entrepreneurship in society and its expected effects on jobcreation and growthmale versus female entrepreneurs and entrepreneurs by opportunity versus necessity

Resumen

Using information for countries in the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM), inthis paper we answer two main questions. The first one is what type of individualcharacteristics, institutional factors and economic conditions and structure ofcountries determine entrepreneurship rates among the population. The second one isabout what type of individual characteristics in the population of countries encourageentrepreneurs with the intention to grow and generate new jobs. This is a relevant issuesince this type of entrepreneurs are highly desirable for society. We perform theanalysis of the two goals in the paper for a general measure of entrepreneurship, butalso distinguish among men and female entrepreneurial activity and betweenopportunity and necessity entrepreneurship. Our results highlight the relevance ofeducation, entrepreneurial skills, knowing entrepreneurs, and anticipated intentionsto become an entrepreneur as drivers for the entrepreneurial activity. We also obtainthat quality of institutions works in favor of opportunity entrepreneurs, and that forwomen opportunity entrepreneurship is procyclical and necessity entrepreneurship iscountercyclical. Finally, countries with a productive structure more oriented towardsmanufacturing and services than to agriculture generate more opportunityentrepreneurship