“Me likey!” A new (old) argument structure or a partially fixed expression with the verb like?

  1. Rodríguez-Abruñeiras, Paula 1
  1. 1 Universidade de Santiago de Compostela
    info

    Universidade de Santiago de Compostela

    Santiago de Compostela, España

    ROR https://ror.org/030eybx10

Revista:
Círculo de lingüística aplicada a la comunicación

ISSN: 1576-4737

Año de publicación: 2022

Título del ejemplar: Monográfico “Posicionamiento y dialogicidad en la escritura académica y profesional”

Número: 90

Páginas: 237-249

Tipo: Artículo

DOI: 10.5209/CLAC.77163 DIALNET GOOGLE SCHOLAR lock_openAcceso abierto editor

Otras publicaciones en: Círculo de lingüística aplicada a la comunicación

Objetivos de desarrollo sostenible

Resumen

This paper explores the current use of the verb like in sequences such as “me likey”. This new use is practically limited to modern variant spellings (likey, likee, like-y and likie) and resembles the original (and now obsolete) impersonal structure of the verb in which the experiencer was encoded in the objective case and the verb was used invariably, among other aspects. However, rather than the re-emergence of an impersonal construction, the sequence “me likey” seems to be the result of a situation of language contact and it is in line with the informalisation of English as seen, for example, in the increasing tendency for objective pronouns to be used in subject position in a variety of constructions. In light of the evidence from the Corpus of Contemporary American English and the TV Corpus, we can conclude that the sequence is used in highly informal registers, and that it tends to appear in rather formulaic expressions, especially in two-word sequences.

Referencias bibliográficas

  • Allen, C. L. 1986. Reconsidering the history of like. Journal of Linguistics 22(2). 375-409.
  • Allen, C. L. 1995 Case marking and reanalysis: Grammatical relations from Old to Early Modern English. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Angermeyer, P. S. & Singler J. V. 2003. The case for politeness: Pronoun variation in co-ordinate NPs in object position in English. Language Variation and Change 15. 171-209. DOI https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954394503152027.
  • Baker, P. & Huber, M.. 2000. Constructing new pronominal systems: From the Atlantic to the Pacific. Linguistics 38(5). 833-866. DOI https://doi.org/10.1515/ling.2000.013.
  • Barðdal, J. & Eythórsson T. 2009. The origin of the oblique-subject construction: An Indo-European comparison. In V. Bubenik, J.Hewson & S. Rose (eds.), Grammatical change in Indo-European languages: Papers presented at the workshop on Indo-European linguistics at the 18 International conference on Historical Linguistics, Montreal, 2007, 179-193. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company.
  • Bednarek, M. 2010. The language of fictional television: Drama and identity. New York: Continuum.
  • Bednarek, M. 2011. The stability of the televisual character: A corpus stylistic case study. In Roberta Piazza, Monika Bednarek and Fabio Rossi (eds.), Telecinematic discourse: Approaches to the language of films and television series, 185-204. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company.
  • Bednarek, M. 2018. Language and television series. A linguistic approach to TV dialogue. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Belletti, A. & L. Rizzi. 1988. Psych-Verbs and θ-Theory. Natural Language & Linguistic Theory 6(3). 291-352.
  • Bernstein, T. M. 1965. The careful writer: A modern guide to English usage. New York: Atheneum.
  • BNC Consortium. 2007. British National Corpus (version 3, BNC XML ed.). www.natcorp.ox.ac.uk. [accessed 23 November 2020].
  • Burchfield, R. W. (ed.). 1998. The new Fowler’s Modern English usage, revised 3rd edn. Oxford: Clarendon.
  • Castro-Chao, N.. 2018. Impersonal constructions in Early Modern English: A case study of like and please. In M.ª Ferrández San Miguel & C. Peter Neumann (eds.), Taking stock to look ahead: Celebrating forty years of English studies in Spain, 177-184. Zaragoza: Prensas Universitarias de la Universidad de Zaragoza.
  • Castro Chao, N. 2021. Argument structure in flux: The development of impersonal constructions in Middle and Early Modern English, with special reference to verbs of Desire. Bern: Peter Lang.
  • Chierichetti, L. 2021. Diálogos de serie. Una aproximación a la construcción discursiva de personajes basada en corpus. Bern: Peter Lang.
  • Copperud, R. H. 1980. American usage and style: The consensus. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold.
  • Coupland, N. 2007. Style: Language variation and identity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Davies, M. 2008-. The Corpus of Contemporary American English (COCA): 1 billion words, 1990-present. https://www.english-corpora.org/coca/ [accessed 23 November 2020].
  • Davies, M. 2019. TV Corpus (TVC): 325 million words, 1950-2018. https://www.english-corpora.org/tv/ [accessed 23 November 2020].
  • Denison, D. 1990. The Old English impersonal revisited. In Sylvia Adamson, Vivian A. Law, Nigel Vincent & Susan Wright (eds.), Papers from the 5th international conference on English Historical Linguistics: Cambridge, 6-9 April 1987, 111-140. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company.
  • Denison, D. 1993. English historical syntax: Verbal constructions. London/New York: Longman.
  • Detges, U. 2013. First person strong pronouns in spoken French: A case study in cliticization. In K. J. Kragh & J. Lindschouw (eds.), Deixis and Pronouns in Romance Languages, 33-48. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company.
  • Elmer, W. 1981. Diachronic grammar: The history of Old and Middle English subjectless constructions. Linguistische Arbeiten 97. Tübingen: Niemeyer.
  • Erdmann, P. 1979. It’s I, it’s me: A case for syntax. Studia Anglica Posnaniensia 10. 67-80.
  • Fairclough, N. 1992. Discourse and social change. Cambridge: Polity.
  • Fairclough, N. 1996. Border crossings: Discourse and social change in contemporary societies. In Hywel Coleman & Lynne Cameron (eds.), Change and Language, 3-17. Clevedon/Philadelphia/Adelaide: Multilingual Matters.
  • Farrelly, M. & Seoane E. 2012. Democratisation. In Terttu Nevalainen & Elizabeth Closs Traugott (eds.), The Oxford handbook of the history of English, 392-401. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Fernández-Soriano, O.& Táboas-Baylín. S. 1999. Construcciones impersonales no reflejas. In I. Bosque & V.Demonte (eds.), Gramática descriptiva de la lengua española, vol.2, 1723-1778. Madrid: Espasa-Calpe.
  • Fischer, Olga C.M. & Frederike C. van der Leek. 1983. The demise of the Old English impersonal construction. Journal of Linguistics 19(2). 337-368. DOI https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022226700007775.
  • Gilman, E. W. 1989. Merriam-Webster’s dictionary of English usage. Springfield, MA: Merriam-Webster.
  • Gisborne, N. 2011. Constructions, word grammar, and grammaticalization. Cognitive Linguistics 22(1). 155-182. DOI 10.1515/COGL.2011.007.
  • Grano, T. 2006. “Me and her” meets “he and I”: Case, person, and linear ordering in English coordinated pronouns. B.A. Honors thesis, Stanford University.
  • Gregori-Signes, C. 2020. Victim-naming in the murder mystery series Twin Peaks: A corpus-stylistic study. Series: international journal of TV serial narratives 6(2). 33-46. DOI https://doi.org/10.6092/issn.2421-454X/11218.
  • Harris, M. 1981. It’s I, it’s me: Further reflections. Studia Anglica Posnaniensia 13. 17-20.
  • Hiltunen, T. & Loureiro-Porto L. 2020. Democratization of Englishes: Synchronic and diachronic approaches. Special issue Language Sciences 79. 1-8. DOI https://doi.org/10.1016/j.langsci.2020.101275.
  • Hopper, P J. & Closs Traugott. E. 2003. Grammaticalicalization, 2nd edn. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Hristov, B P. 2013. Pronominal case assignment in English. Journal of Linguistics 49(3). 567-611. DOI https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022226713000029.
  • Hudson, R. 1995. Does English really have case? Journal of Linguistics 31(2). 375-392. DOI https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022226700015644.
  • Jespersen, O. 1933. Essentials of English grammar. London: Allen & Unwin.
  • Johnson, K. 2016. The history of Early English: An activity-based approach. Oxon/New York: Routledge.
  • Kjellmer, G. 1986. “Us Anglos are a cut above the field”: On objective pronouns in nominative contexts. English Studies 67(5). 445-449. DOI https://doi.org/10.1080/00138388608598470.
  • Landau, I. 2010. The locative syntax of experiencers (Linguistic Inquiry Monographs 50). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
  • Lass, R. 1992. Phonology and morphology. In Norman Blake (ed.), The Cambridge history of the English language, vol. II (1066-1476), 23-155. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Levin, B. 1993. English verb classes and alternations: A preliminary investigation. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
  • López-Couso, M.ª J. 1996. On the history of methinks: From impersonal construction to fossilised expression. Folia Linguistica Historica 17. 153-169.
  • Loureiro-Porto, L. 2010. A review of early English impersonals: Evidence from necessity verbs. English Studies 91(6). 674-699. DOI https://doi.org/10.1080/0013838X.2010.489744.
  • Loureiro-Porto, L. & Hiltunen, T. 2020. Democratization and gender-neutrality in English(es). Journal of English Linguistics 48(3). 215-232. DOI https://doi.org/10.1177/0075424220935967.
  • Maier, G. 2013. As the case may be: A corpus-based approach to pronoun case variation in subject predicative complements in British and American English. Studies in Variation, Contacts and Change in English 13, n.p.a.
  • Mair, C & Hundt, M. 1999. “Agile” and “uptight” genres: the corpus-based approach to language change in progress. International Journal of Corpus Linguistics 4. 221-242. DOI https://doi.org/10.1075/ijcl.4.2.02hun.
  • Marriott, S. 1997. Dialect and dialectic in a British war film. Journal of Sociolinguistics 1(2). 173-193. DOI 10.1111/1467-9481.00011.
  • McCawley, N. A. 1976. From OE/ME ‘impersonal’ to ‘personal’ constructions: What is a ‘subject-less’ S? In S. B. Steever, C. A. Walker & S. S. Mufwene (eds.), Papers from the parasession on diachronic syntax, 192-204. Chicago: Chicago Linguistics Society.
  • Méndez Naya, B. & López Couso, M.ª J. 1997. What is really meant by impersonal? On impersonal and related terms. Atlantis 19(2). 185-192.
  • Mieder, W. 1996. “No tickee, no washee”: Subtleties of a proverbial slur. Western Folklore 55(1). 1-40. DOI https://doi.org/10.2307/1500147.
  • Miglio, V. & Miranda Flores, O. 2012. Heritage speakers’ judgment of non-native subjects: Spanish gustar. In Proceedings of the 10th Annual Hawaii international conference on education. HICE: Honolulu, n.p.a.
  • Miura, A. 2015. Middle English verbs of emotion and impersonal constructions. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Miura, A. 2019. Me liketh/lotheth but I loue/hate: Impersonal/non-impersonal boundaries in Old and Middle English. In N. Yáñez-Bouza, E. Moore, L. van Bergen & W. B. Hollmann (eds.), Categories, constructions, and change in English syntax, 170-189. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Möhlig-Falke, R. 2012. The Early English impersonal construction: An analysis of verbal and constructional meaning. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Nicholson, M. 1957. A dictionary of American-English usage. New York: Signet.
  • Ogura, M. 1986. Old English “impersonal” verbs and expressions. Copenhagen: Rosenkilde & Bagger.
  • OED = Oxford English dictionary. http://www.oed.com/ [accessed 1 December, 2020].
  • Payne, J. & Huddleston, R. 2002. Nouns and noun phrases. In Rodney Huddleston & Geoffrey K. Pullum (eds.), The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Piazza, R., Bednarek, M. & Rossi, F. 2011. Telecinematic discourse: Approaches to the language of films and television series. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company.
  • Queen, R. 2015. Vox popular: The surprising life of language in the media. Chichester, West Sussex/ Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell.
  • Quinn, H. 2005. The distribution of pronoun case forms in English. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company.
  • Quinn, H. 2009. Pronoun forms. In P. Peters, P. Collins & A. Smith (eds.), Comparative studies in Australian and New Zealand English. Grammar and beyond, 31-47. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company.
  • Quirk, R., Greenbaum, S., Leech, G. & Svartvik, J. 1985. A comprehensive grammar of the English language. London: Longman.
  • Redfern, R. K. 1994. Is between you and I good English? In Greta D. Little & Michael Montgomery (eds.), Centennial usage studies, 187-193. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press.
  • Rodríguez-Abruñeiras, P. 2023 (forthcoming). Peeking into the socio-historical background and current use of ‘me (no) likey’. English Today 39.
  • Sobin, N. 1997. Agreement, default rules, and grammatical viruses. Linguistic Inquiry 28(2). 318-343.
  • Sweet, H. 1876. Words, logic and grammar. Transactions of the Philological Society 16(1). 470-503.
  • Syea, A. 2009. Oblique subjects in contact languages and the nature of emerging grammars. Linguistics, 47(1). 65-101. DOI https://doi.org/10.1515/LING.2009.003.
  • Vázquez-Rozas, V. 2006. Gustar-type verbs. In J. Clancy Clements & Jiyoung Yoon (eds.), Functional approaches to Spanish syntax. Lexical semantics, discourse and transitivity, 80-114. Hampshire/New York: Palgrave Macmillan.