The economic impact of audit failures

  1. De Fuentes Barberá, Cristina 1
  2. Porcuna, Rubén 1
  1. 1 Universitat de València
    info

    Universitat de València

    Valencia, España

    ROR https://ror.org/043nxc105

Zeitschrift:
Revista de contabilidad = Spanish accounting review: [RC-SAR]

ISSN: 1138-4891

Datum der Publikation: 2022

Ausgabe: 25

Nummer: 1

Seiten: 159-173

Art: Artikel

DOI: 10.6018/RCSAR.394401 DIALNET GOOGLE SCHOLAR lock_openDIGITUM editor

Andere Publikationen in: Revista de contabilidad = Spanish accounting review: [RC-SAR]

Zusammenfassung

This paper examines the economic consequences associated with an audit failure in the field of statutory auditing services, by analyzing changes in the audit firm’s market share around the time of the investigation process undertaken by the Spanish Public Oversight Board. We explore the variations in audit market share by applying the difference in differences method to a treatment group of 70 sanctioned audit firms and a matched control group of 70 non-sanctioned audit firms. The period of analysis covers the years from 1999 to 2015.  Our results show that the sanctioned audit firms suffered a significant decrease in their relative number of clients. Moreover, this measure of market share decreased not only after the publication of the sanction disclosure (which may be attributed to reputational losses) but also after the initiation of the investigation (which may be attributed to the firm’s reluctance to audit risky clients). Findings are similar for both small and large firms when the market share is measured in terms of clients, whereas the evidence is weak concerning variations in their turnover-based market share. Our conclusions could be of interest for audit firms and also for audit regulators when designing disciplinary systems.

Informationen zur Finanzierung

This work was supported by the Consellería de Educa-ció, Cultura i Esport de la Generalitat Valenciana under the Grant VALi+d (Resolución 26 Junio 2014) and Grant GV/2021/092 by Conselleria de Innovación, Universidades, Ciencia y Sociedad Digital (Subvenciones a Grupos de Invest-igación Emergentes, Programa para Promoción de la Invest-igación Científica, el Desarrollo Tecnológico y la Innovación en la CV, DOGV 8959 de 24 de noviembre del 2020, Resolu-ción 5 de marzo del 2021).

Geldgeber

    • GV/2021/092

Bibliographische Referenzen

  • Abbott, L. J., Gunny, K. A., & Zhang, T. C. (2013). When the PCAOB talks, who listens? Evidence from client firm reaction to adverse, GAAP-deficient PCAOB inspection reports. Auditing: A Journal of Practice and Theory, 32(2), 1-31. https://doi.org/10.2308/ajpt-50374
  • Anantharaman, D. (2012). Comparing self-regulation and statutory regulation: Evidence from the accounting profession. Accounting Organizations and Society, 37(2), 55-77. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aos.2011.12.003
  • Anantharaman, D., Pittman, J. A., & Wans, N. (2016). State Liability Regimes within the United States and Auditor Reporting. The Accounting Review, 91(6), 1545-1575. https://doi.org/10.2308/accr-51426
  • Arnold Sr, D. F., Bernardi, R. A., Neidermeyer, P. E., & Schmee, J. (2005). Personal versus professional ethics in confidentiality decisions: an exploratory study in Western Europe. Business Ethics: A European Review, 14(3), 277-289. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8608.2005.00409.x
  • Argandoña, A. (2003). The new economy: ethical issues. Journal of Business Ethics, 44(1), 3-22. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1023226105869
  • Baber, W. R., Kumar, K. R., & Verghese, T. (1995). Client security price reactions to the Laventhol and Horwath bankruptcy. Journal of Accounting Research, 33(2) 385-395. https://doi.org/10.2307/2491494
  • Bedard, J.C., & Johnstone, K. M., & Bedard, J. C. (2004). Earnings Manipulation Risk, Corporate Governance Risk, and Auditors' Planning and Pricing Decisions. The Accounting Review, 79(2), 277-304. https://doi.org/10.2308/accr.2004.79.2.277
  • Bertrand, M., Duflo, E., & Mullainathan, S. (2004). How much should we trust differences-in-differences estimates? The Quarterly journal of economics, 119(1), 249-275. https://doi.org/10.1162/003355304772839588
  • Biedma López, E., Ruiz Barbadillo, E., & Guiral Contreras, A. (2018). Análisis empírico del efecto de las rentas económicas en el comportamiento independiente del auditor, Spanish Journal of Finance and Accounting, 47(3), 366-399. https://doi.org/10.1080/02102412.2017.1387441
  • Cano-Rodríguez, M., Sánchez-Alegría, S., & Arenas-Torres, P. (2016). The influence of auditor's opinion and auditor's reputation on the cost of debt: evidence from private Spanish firms. Spanish Journal of Finance and Accounting, 45(1), 32-62. https://doi.org/10.1080/02102412.2015.1111096
  • Carcello, J. V., Hollingsworth, C., & Mastrolia, S. A. (2011). The effect of PCAOB inspections on big 4 audit quality. Research in Accounting Regulation, 23, 85-96. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.racreg.2011.10.001
  • Chaney, P. K., & Philipich, K. L. (2002). Shredded reputation: The cost of audit failure. Journal of Accounting Research, 40(4), 1221-1245. https://doi.org/10.1111/1475679X.00087
  • Chi, W., Lisic, L. L., Long, X., & Wang, K. (2013). Do regulations limiting management influence over auditors improve audit quality? Evidence from China. Journal of Accounting and Public Policy, 32(2), 176-187. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaccpubpol.2013.02.001
  • Craswell, A. T., Francis, J. R., & Taylor, S. L. (1995). Auditor brand name reputations and industry specializations. Journal of Accounting and Economics, 20(3), 297-322. https://doi.org/10.1016/0165-4101(95)00403-3
  • Davis, L. R., & Simon, D. T. (1992). The Impact of SEC Disciplinary Actions on Audit Fees. Auditing: A Journal of Practice & Theory, 11(1), 58-68. Retrieved from https://www.proquest.com/scholarly-journals/research-notes-impact-sec-disciplinary-actions-on/docview/216737471/se-2?accountid=14777
  • Dechow, P., Ge, W., & Schrand, C. (2010). Understanding earnings quality: A review of the proxies, their determinants and their consequences. Journal of Accounting and Economics, 50(2-3), 344-401. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacceco.2010.09.001
  • De Fuentes, C., & Pucheta-Martinez, M. C. (2006). The Stock Market Reaction to the Enron‐Andersen Affair in Spain. International Journal of Auditing, 10(1), 67-85. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1099-1123.2006.00266.x
  • De Fuentes, C., Illueca, M., & Pucheta-Martinez, M. C. (2015). External investigations and disciplinary sanctions against auditors: the impact on audit quality. SERIEs, 6(3), 313-347. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13209-015-0127-0
  • DeFond, M. L., & Lennox, C. S. (2011). The effect of SOX on small auditor exits and audit quality. Journal of Accounting & Economics, 52(1), 21-40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacceco.2011.03.002
  • DeFond, M. L., Francis, J. R., & Wong, T. J. (2000). Auditor industry specialization and market segmentation: Evidence from Hong Kong. Auditing: A Journal of Practice & Theory, 19(1), 49-66. https://doi.org/10.2308/aud.2000.19.1.49
  • DeFond, M., & Zhang, J. (2014). A review of archival auditing research. Journal of Accounting and Economics, 58(2), 275-326. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacceco.2014.09.002
  • DeFond, M. L., Raghunandan, K., & Subramanyam, K. R. (2002). Do non-audit service fees impair auditor independence? Evidence from going concern audit opinions. Journal of Accounting Research, 40(4), 1247-1274. https://doi.org/10.1111/1475-679X.00088
  • Dillard, J. F., & Yuthas, K. (2001). A responsibility ethics for audit expert systems. Journal of Business Ethics, 30(4), 337-359. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1010720630914
  • Directive 2006/43/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 17 May 2006 on statutory audits of annual accounts and consolidated accounts, amending Council Directives 78/660/EEC and 83/349/EEEC and repealing Council Directive 84/253/EEC.
  • Directive 2014/56/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 16 of April of 2014 on statutory audits of annual accounts and consolidated accounts, amending Eighth Directive 2006/43/EC.
  • Entorf, H. (2012). Expected recidivism among young offenders: Comparing specific deterrence under juvenile and adult criminal law. European Journal of Political Economy, 28(4), 414-429. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpoleco.2012.03.002
  • Espinosa-Pike, M., & Barrainkua, I. (2020). Professional accountants in Spain: a comparative study of ethical and professional values, Spanish Journal of Finance and Accounting, 49(2), 234-264. https://doi.org/10.1080/02102412.2019.1620491
  • Fama, E. F., & Jensen, M. C. (1983). Separation of ownership and control. The Journal of Law and Economics, 26(2), 301-325. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315744070-20
  • Firth, M., Mo, P. L., & Wong, R. M. (2005). Financial statement frauds and auditor sanctions: An analysis of enforcement actions in China. Journal of Business Ethics, 62(4), 367-381. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-005-0542-4
  • Francis, J. R. (2004). What do we know about audit quality? The British Accounting Review, 36(4), 345-368. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bar.2004.09.003
  • Francis, J. R. (2011). A framework for understanding and researching audit quality. Auditing-a Journal of Practice & Theory, 30(2), 125-152. https://doi.org/10.2308/ajpt-50006
  • García-Osma, B., Gisbert, A., & de las Heras Cristóbal, E. (2017). Public oversight systems for statutory auditors in the European Union. European Journal of Law and Economics, 44(3), 517-552. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10657-014-9460-1
  • García-Osma, B., Mora, A., & Porcuna-Enguix, L. (2019). Prudential supervisors' independence and income smoothing in European banks. Journal of Banking & Finance, 102, 156-176. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbankfin.2019.03.001
  • Gebhardt, G. U., & Novotny‐Farkas, Z. (2011). Mandatory IFRS adoption and accounting quality of European banks. Journal of Business Finance & Accounting, 38(3‐4), 289-333. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-5957.2011.02242.x
  • Gonzalo Angulo, J.A., & Garvey, A. (2018). Audit research: Some reflections. Revista de Contabilidad-Spanish Accounting Review, 21(2), 107-115. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rcsar.2018.05.004
  • Gramling, A. A., Krishnan, J., & Zhang, Y. (2011). Are PCAOB-identified audit deficiencies associated with a change in reporting decisions of triennially inspected audit firms? AUDITING. Journal of Practice & Theory, 30(3), 59-79. https://doi.org/10.2308/ajpt-10048
  • Greer, L., & Tonge, A. (2006). Ethical foundations: A new framework for reliable financial reporting. Business Ethics: A European Review, 15(3), 259-270. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8608.2006.00448.x
  • Gunny, K. A., & Zhang, T. C. (2013). PCAOB inspection reports and audit quality. Journal of Accounting and Public Policy, 32(2), 136-160. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaccpubpol.2012.11.002
  • Hanlon, M., Maydew, E. L., & Shevlin, T. (2008). An unintended consequence of book-tax conformity: A loss of earnings informativeness. Journal of Accounting and Economics, 46(2-3), 294-311. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacceco.2008.09.003
  • Harris, M.K. & Williams L.T. (2019). Evidence-based policymaking in auditing regulation: An historical analysis of academic research citation in PCAOB standard-setting practices. Journal of Accounting and Public Policy, 38(3), 238-251. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaccpubpol.2019.05.003
  • Hilary, G., & Lennox, C. (2005). The credibility of self-regulation: Evidence from the accounting profession's peer review program. Journal of Accounting & Economics, 40(1-3), 211-229. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacceco.2005.03.002
  • International Auditing and Assurance Standards Board (2014). A Framework for Audit Quality: Key elements that create an environment for audit quality. IFAC, 18 of February of 2014.
  • Jensen, M. C., & Meckling, W. H. (1976). Theory of the firm: Managerial behavior, agency costs and ownership structure. Journal of financial economics, 3(4), 305-360. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-405X(76)90026-X
  • Johnstone, K. M., & Bedard, J. C. (2003). Risk management in client acceptance decisions. The Accounting Review, 78(4), 1003-1025. https://doi.org/10.2308/accr.2003.78.4.1003
  • Johnstone, K. M., & Bedard, J. C. (2004). Audit firm portfolio management decisions. Journal of Accounting Research, 42(4), 659-690. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-679X.2004.00153.x
  • Kothari, S. P., Ramanna, K., & Skinner, D. J. (2010). Implications for GAAP from an analysis of positive research in accounting. Journal of Accounting and Economics, 50(2-3), 246-286. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacceco.2010.09.003
  • La Porta, R., Lopez-de-Silanes, F., & Shleifer, A. (2006). What Works in Securities Laws?.The Journal of Finance, 61(1), 125-156. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6261.2006.00828.x
  • Lechner, M. (2011). The estimation of causal effects by difference-in-difference methods. Foundations and Trends in Econometrics, 4(3), 165-224. https://doi.org/10.1561/0800000014
  • Lennox, C. (2005). Audit quality and executive officers' affiliations with CPA firms. Journal of accounting and economics, 39(2), 201-231. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacceco.2003.12.002
  • Lennox, C., & Pittman, J. (2010). Auditing the auditors: Evidence on the recent reforms to the external monitoring of audit firms. Journal of Accounting & Economics, 49(1-2), 84-103. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacceco.2009.04.002
  • Lennox, C.S., Francis, J.R., & Wang, Z. (2012). Selection models in accounting research. The Accounting Review, 87(2), 589-616. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1120796
  • McDermott, T. J., & Newhams, T. H. (1971). Discharge-reinstatement: What happens thereafter. ILR Review, 24(4), 526-540. https://doi.org/10.1177/001979397102400402
  • Menon, K., & Williams, D. D. (1994). The Insurance Hypothesis and Market Prices. The Accounting Review, 69(2), 327-342. http://www.jstor.org/stable/248590
  • Meyer, B. D. (1995). Natural and quasi-experiments in economics. Journal of Business & Economic Statistics, 13(2), 151-161. https://doi.org/10.1080/07350015.1995.10524589
  • Pogarsky, G., Piquero, A.R., & Paternoster, R. (2004). Modeling Change in Perceptions about Sanction Threats: The Neglected Linkage in Deterrence Theory. Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 20 (4), 343-369. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10940-004-5868-z
  • Puhani, P. A. (2012). The treatment effect, the cross difference, and the interaction term in nonlinear "difference-in-differences" models. Economics Letters, 115(1), 85-87. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econlet.2011.11.025
  • Ruiz Barbadillo, E., De Fuentes, C., Pucheta-Martínez, M., & García Benau, M. A. (2015). El éxito de los procesos de fusión en el mercado de auditoría: el caso de PriceWaterhouseCoopers. Revista De Contabilidad - Spanish Accounting Review, 18(1), 55-67. https://doi.org/ https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rcsar.2014.03.005
  • Schneider, A., & Wilner, N. (1990). A Test of Audit Deterrent to Financial Reporting Irregularities Using the Randomized Response Technique. The Accounting Review, 65(3), 668-681. http://www.jstor.org/stable/247956
  • Simunic, D.A. (1980). The pricing of audit services: Theory and evidence. Journal of Accounting Research, 18(1), 161-190. https://doi.org/10.2307/2490397
  • Skinner, D. J., & Srinivasan, S. (2012). Audit quality and auditor reputation: Evidence from Japan. The Accounting Review, 87(5), 1737-1765. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1557231
  • St. Clair, T., & Cook, T.D. (2015). Difference-in-differences methods in public finance. National Tax Journal, 68(2), 319-338. https://doi.org/10.17310/ntj.2015.2.04
  • Sullivan, J. B. (1993). The impact of auditing research on auditing practice. Auditing-A Journal of Practice & Theory, 12, 1-2.
  • Sun, J., Cahan, S. F., & Xu, J. (2016). Individual Auditor Conservatism After CSRC Sanctions. Journal of Business Ethics, 136(1), 133-146. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-014-2514-z
  • Sundgren, S., & Svanstrom, T. (2013). Audit office size, audit quality and audit pricing: Evidence from small- and medium-sized enterprises. Accounting and Business Research, 43(1), 31-55. https://doi.org/10.1080/00014788.2012.691710
  • Vicens, J. (2006). Problemas de estimación y contraste en los modelos de diferencias en diferencias. Madrid: Universidad Autónoma de Madrid. Retrieved from https://www.uam.es/uam/media/doc/1606862174439/dt-13-jv.pdf
  • UK Competition Commission (2013). "Statutory audit services for large companies market investigation". 15 October 2013.
  • Wang, B., Li, J., Su, W., & Tang, Y. (2011). Can regulatory sanctions improve audit quality? Evidence from the CSRC sanctions. Accounting Research, 12(1), 86-92.
  • Watkins, A. L., Hillison, W., & Morecroft, S. E. (2004). Audit quality: A synthesis of theory and empirical evidence. Journal of Accounting Literature, 23, 153-193. Retrieved from https://www.proquest.com/scholarly-journals/audit-quality-synthesis-theory-empirical-evidence/docview/216304484/se-2?accountid=14777
  • Watts, R. L., & Zimmerman, J. L. (1983). Agency problems, auditing, and the theory of the firm: Some evidence. The Journal of Law and Economics, 26(3), 613-633. https://doi.org/10.1086/467051
  • Weber, J., Willenborg, M., & Zhang, J. (2008). Does auditor reputation matter? The case of KPMG Germany and ComROAD AG. Journal of Accounting Research, 46(4), 941-972. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-679X.2008.00298.x
  • Wilson, T. E., & Grimlund, R. A. (1990). An examination of the importance of an auditors reputation. Auditing-Journal of Practice & Theory, 9(2), 43-59.
  • Wooldridge, J. M. (2015). Introductory Econometrics: A Modern Approach. Mason, OH, USA: Cengage Learning.
  • Zerni, M., Haapamaki, E., Jarvinen, T., & Niemi, L. (2012). Do joint audits improve audit quality? evidence from voluntary joint audits. European Accounting Review, 21(4), 731-765. https://doi.org/10.1080/09638180.2012.678599
  • Zmijewski, M. E. (1984). Methodological issues related to the estimation of financial distress prediction models. Journal of Accounting Research, 22, 59-82. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2490859