Riesgos de la comunicación de riesgoun modelo discursivo para la comunicación de riesgo en emergencias
-
1
Universitat de València
info
ISSN: 1576-4737
Año de publicación: 2021
Título del ejemplar: Monografía: La escritura académica en el contexto universitario del siglo XXI
Número: 88
Páginas: 135-154
Tipo: Artículo
Otras publicaciones en: Círculo de lingüística aplicada a la comunicación
Resumen
With the frame of reference of communicative experience imposed by the COVID-19, the article addresses the specificities of risk and crisis communication, with special attention to so called «crisis and emergence risk communication» (CERC). Likewise, the most developed theoretical models in this field, based on psychological and communication bases, are also reviewed from a discursive point of view. From this state of art, a specifically linguistic / discursive model of risk communication is proposed, capable of being considered as a defined area of applied pragmatics. Such a model is deployed on two levels: the one that takes into account the discursive strategies in charge of textual framing (lexicon, syntax, illocutivity, informativeness and dialogism), and the one that defines the enunciative position from which the message is constructed (transparency, planning, disposition to audiences). The categories and functions of the two levels are presented through concrete examples referring to the management of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, the orderly review of which makes it possible to identify in each case some errors and unfortunate options that constitute true «risks of risk communication».
Referencias bibliográficas
- Aven, Terje y Renn, Ortwin (2020): “Some foundational issues related to risk governance and different types of risks”. Journal of Risk Research, 23:9, pp. 1121-1134, https://doi.org/10.1080/13669877.2019.1569099
- Baron Jonathan; Hershey John C. y Kunreuther, Howard (2000): “Determinants of priority for risk reduction: the role of worry”. Risk Analysis 20(4), pp. 413-428.
- Beck, Ulrich (1986): La sociedad del riesgo. Hacia una nueva modernidad, Barcelona: Paidós, 1998. Trad. de Jorge Navarro, Daniel Jiménez y M. Luisa Borrás.
- Beck, Ulrich (1997): “La teoría de la sociedad del riesgo reformulada”. Revista Polis México, 1.1, pp. 171-196. Trad. de Fernando Robles. https://polismexico.izt.uam.mx/index.php/rp/article/view/324/319
- Beck, Ulrick (2002): “The terrorist threat: World risk society revisited”. Theory, culture & society, 19.4, pp. 39-55.
- Bonell, Chris et al. (2020): “Harnessing behavioural science in public health campaigns to maintain ‘social distancing’ in response to the COVID-19 pandemic: key principles”. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 74.8, pp. 617-619. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jech-2020-214290
- Bruine de Bruin, Wändy; Cassels, Alan; Dredger, S. Michelle y Kreps, Gary (2015): Health Product Risk Communication: Is the message getting through? Otawa: Council of Canadian Academies.
- Canel, M. José (2020): “Cinco factores en los que Sánchez se juega la nota del examen Covid-19”. En Comunicación política en tiempos del coronavirus, Barcelona: Cátedra Ideograma.
- Carou, María; Prados, Juan Carlos; San-Martín, Antonia y García, José Ramón (2015): “Comunicación de malas noticias. El accidente del tren Alvia en Santiago de Compostela. (24 de julio de 2013)”. Cuadernos de crisis y emergencias, 14-2, pp. 14-24. http://www.cuadernosdecrisis.com/docs/2015/numero14vol2_2015.pdf
- Carpender, S. Kay, et al. (2006): “Urban evacuations and rural America: lessons learned from Hurricane Rita”. Public Health Reports 121.6, pp. 775-779.
- CDC, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2014-2018): CERC: Crisis and Emergency Risk Communication. https://emergency.cdc.gov/cerc/manual/index.asp
- CDC, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2015): Planning for an Emergency: Strategies for Identifying and Engaging At-Risk Groups. A guidance document for Emergency Managers, Atlanta: CDC. https://www.cdc.gov/nceh/hsb/disaster/atriskguidance.pdf
- CE, Comisión Europea (1982): Directiva 82/501/CEE del Consejo, de 24 de junio de 1982, relativa a los riesgos de accidentes graves en determinadas actividades industriales. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/ES/TXT/?uri=celex%3A31982L0501
- CE, Comisión Europea (1996): Directiva 96/82/CE del Consejo de 9 de diciembre de 1996 relativa al control de los riesgos inherentes a los accidentes graves en los que intervengan sustancias peligrosas. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/ES/TXT/?uri=celex%3A31996L0082
- CE, Comisión Europea (2012): Directiva 2012/18/UE del Parlamento Europeo y del Consejo de 4 de julio de 2012 relativa al control de los riesgos inherentes a los accidentes graves en los que intervengan sustancias peligrosas y por la que se modifica y ulteriormente deroga la Directiva 96/82/CE. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/ES/TXT/?uri=celex%3A32012L0018
- Coombs, W. Thimothy (2010): “Crisis Communication and Its Allied Fields”. En W. Timothy Coombs y Sherry J.Holladay (Eds.): The handbook of crisis communication, Malden (MA): Blackwell, pp. 54-63.
- Covello, Vincent T.; Peters, Richard G.; Wojtecki, Joseph G. y Hyde, Richard C. (2001): “Risk Communication, the West Nile Virus Epidemic, and Bioterrorism: Responding to the Communication Challenges Posed by the Intentional or Unintentional Release of a Pathogen in an Urban Setting”. Journal of Urban Health 78 (2), pp. 382-391.
- Covello, Vincent y Sandman, Peter M. (2001): “Risk communication: evolution and revolution”. En Anthony Wolbarst (Ed.): Solutions to an Environment in Peril, John Hopkins University Press, pp.164-178.
- Cullen, Walter; Gulati, Gautam y Kelly, Brendan D. (2020): “Mental health in the COVID-19 pandemic”. QJM: An International Journal of Medicine 113.5, pp. 311-312. https://doi.org/10.1093/qjmed/hcaa110
- Dader, José Luis (2004): “Comunicólogos: los sastres del Emperador, sus hilos de oro y las lentes del público”. Doxa Comunicación 2, pp. 191-215.
- Dickmann, Petra; Abraham, Thomas; Sarkar, Shawon; Wysocki Piotr; Cecconi, Sabrina; Apfel, Franklin y Nurm, Ülla-Karin (2016): “Risk communication as a core public health competence in infectious disease management: Development of the ECDC training curriculum and programme”. Euro Surveillance 21(14): pp. 1-6. http://dx.doi.org/10.2807/1560-7917. ES.2016.21.14.30188
- Douglas, Mary (1992): Risk and Blame. Essays on Cultural Theory, London: Routledge.
- Drottz Sjöberg, Britt-Marie (Dir.) (2011): Science, H1N1 and society: Towards a more pandemic-resilient society. https://ec.europa.eu/research/swafs/pdf/pub_archive/sis-heg-final-report_en.pdf
- Fan, Victoria Y.; Hamison, Dean T. y Summers, Lawrende H. (2018): “Pandemic risk: how large are the expected losses?”. Bulletin World Health Organization, 96 (2), pp. 129–134. http://dx.doi.org/10.2471/BLT.17.199588
- Fischhoff, Baruch (1987): “Treating the public with Risk Communications: A Public Health Perspective”, Science, Technology and Human Values, 12 (3/4), pp. 13-19.
- Gallardo Paúls, Beatriz (2021a): “El hablar como intención comunicativa”. En Óscar Loureda y Ángela Schrott (Eds.): Manual de Lingüística del hablar, Berlín: De Gruyter, pp. 79-94.
- Gallardo Paúls (2021b): Gallardo Paúls, Beatriz (2021): “Transparencia y comunicación de riesgo en la sociedad digital”, Salud Pública y COVID. Cuadernos de la Fundación Víctor Grífols i Lucas, núm 58, pp. 123-141.
- Gavaldà Roca, Josep V.; Pellisser Rossell, Nel·lo (2019): Las comisiones parlamentarias de investigación: «El accidente de la Línea 1», Valencia, Tirant Lo Blanch.
- Glik, Deborah C. (2007): “Risk communication for public health emergencies”. Annual Review of Public Health, 28, pp. 33-54. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.publhealth.28.021406.144123
- Golden, Ronald (2007): “Food Packaging Safety”. Radtech Report 21-2, pp. 37-41. https://www.radtech.org/images/pdf_upload/FoodPackagingSafety.pdf
- Heath, Robert L. (1995): “Corporate environmental risk communication: Cases and practices along the Texas Gulf Coast”. Annals of the International Communication Association 18.1, pp. 255-277. https://doi.org/10.1080/23808985.1995.11678915
- Hofstede, Geert H. (2001): Culture’s Consequences: Comparing Values, Behaviors, Institutions, and Organizations Across Nations, Thousand Oaks, California: Sage Pubs.
- Infanti, Jennifer; Sixsmith, Jane; Barry, Margaret; Núñez-Córdoba, Jorge; Oroviogoicoechea-Ortega Cristina; Guillén-Grima Francisco (2013): A literature review on effective risk communication for the prevention and control of communicable diseases in Europe, Stockholm: European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control.
- Krimsky, Sheldon (2007): “Risk communication in the internet age: The rise of disorganized skepticism”. Environmental hazards 7.2, pp. 157-164. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1016/j.envhaz.2007.05.006
- Lachapelle, Guy y Oñate, Pablo (Eds.) (2018): Borders and Margins. Federalism, Devolution and Multi-Level Governance, Berlin: Barbara Budrich Verlag.
- Leiss, William (1996): “Three Phases in the Evolution of Risk Communication Practice”. The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science. Vol. 545: Challenges in Risk Assessment and Risk Management (May, 1996), pp. 85-94.
- López-Moreno, Sergio; Garrido-Latorre, Francisco; Hernández-Ávila, Mauricio (2000): “Desarrollo histórico de la epidemiología: su formación como disciplina científica”. Salud Pública de México 42, pp. 133-143. https://www.scielosp.org/article/spm/2000.v42n2/133-143/es/
- Marín, Francisco (2011): Comunicación de crisis, ed. LID.
- Moreno Castro, Carolina y Luján, José Luis (2009): “El principio de precaución en la comunicación del riesgo”. En Moreno Castro (Ed.): Comunicar los riesgos. Ciencia y tecnología en la sociedad de la información, Madrid: Biblioteca Nueva/OEI, pp. 133-157.
- Morgan, M. Granger; Fischhoff, Baruch; Bostrom, Ann y Atman, Cynthia J. (2002): Risk communication: A mental models approach, Cambridge University Press.
- Moisi, Dominique (2010): Geopolitics of emotion: How Cultures of Fear, Humiliation, and Hope are Reshaping the World, Nueva York: Anchor.
- Nelkin, Dorothy (1989): “Communicating technological risk: The social construction of risk perception”. Annual review of public health 10.1, pp. 95-113.
- OMS (2018): Comunicación de riesgos en emergencias de salud pública, Organización Mundial de la Salud, https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/272852/9789243550206-spa.pdf
- Ornell, Felipe; Schuch, Jacqueline; Sordi, Anne O. y Kessler, Felix H.P. (2020): “Editorial. ‘Pandemic fear’ and COVID-19: mental health burden and strategies”, Brazilian Journal of Psychiatry 42.3, pp. 232-235. https://doi.org/10.1590/1516-4446-2020-0008
- Palenchar, Michael J. (2009): “Historical Trands of Risk and Crisis Communication”. En Robert L. Heath y H. Dan O’Hair (Eds.) (2009): Handbook of risk and crisis communication, New York: Routledge, pp. 31-52.
- Pérez-Sobrino, Paula; Semino, Elena; Ibarretxe-Antuñano, Iraide; Koller, Verónica y Olza, Inés (2021): “Acting like a hedgehog in times of pandemic: Metaphorical creativity in the# ReframeCovid collection”. Metaphor and Symbol, in press. https://eprints.lancs.ac.uk/id/eprint/156500/
- Peters Richard G; Covello Vincent T.; McCallum David B. (1997): “The determinants of trust and credibility in environmental risk communication: an empirical study”. Risk Analysis 17(1), pp. 43-54.
- Pont Sorribes, Carles (2013): Comunicar las emergencias, Barcelona: Editorial UOC.
- Pont-Sorribes, Carles (2020): “Infodemia, el virus mediado”, en Comunicación política en tiempos del coronavirus, Barcelona: Cátedra Ideograma; pp. 98-103.
- Ramonet, Ignacio (2020): “La pandemia y el sistema-mundo”, Le monde diplomatique en español, 25/04/2020, https://mondiplo.com/la-pandemia-y-el-sistema-mundo
- Renn, Oortwin (2006): “Participatory processes for designing environmental policies”. Land Use Policy 23, pp. 34-43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2004.08.005
- Renn, Ortwin; Klinke, Andreas (2004): “Systemic risks: a new challenge for risk management: As risk analysis and risk management get increasingly caught up in political debates, a new way of looking at and defining the risks of modern technologies becomes necessary”, EMBO Reports, 5 (1), pp. 41-46. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.embor.7400227
- Renn, Ortwin y Kilnke, Andreas (2012): “Complexity, uncertainty and ambiguity in inclusive risk governance”. En Thomas Measham y Stewart Lockie (Eds.): Risk and Social Theory in Environmental Management, Collingwood: CSIRO Publishing, pp. 59-75.
- Reynolds, Barbara; Deitch, Shana; Schieber, Richard (2007): Crisis and Emergency Risk Communication: Pandemic Influenza, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
- Reynolds, Barbara; Hunter-Galdo, Julia; Sokler, Lynn (2002): Crisis and emergency risk communication. Atlanta, GA: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, https://www.orau.gov/cdcynergy/erc/CERC%20Course%20Materials/CERC_Book.pdf
- Reynolds, Barbara y Queen, Sandra Crouse (2008): “Effective Communication During an Influenza Pandemic: The Value of Using a Crisis and Emergency Risk Communication Framework”. Health Promotion Practice 9 (4), pp. 13-17. https://doi.org/10.1177/1524839908325267
- Riorda, Mario (2008): “«Gobierno bien pero comunico mal»: análisis de las rutinas de la comunicación gubernamental”. Revista del CLAD Reforma y Democracia, (40), pp. 25-52.
- Rivera Berrío, Juan Guillermo (2011): “Hacia un nuevo modelo de comunicación del riesgo”. Trilogía. Ciencia Tecnología Sociedad, 3.4, pp. 45-66.
- Sandman, Peter M. (1987): “Risk communication: facing public outrage”. EPA Journal, 13, pp. 21-22.
- Sandman, Peter M. (2003): “Four kinds of Risk Communication”. The Synergist (American Industrial Hygiene Association), abril 2003, pp. 26-27. http://www.psandman.com/col/4kind-1.htm
- Sandman, Peter M. y Lanard, Jody (2005): “La gripe aviar: cómo comunicar el riesgo”. Perspectivas de Salud [periódico na Internet] 10.2 http://65.182.2.246/docum/crid/Aviar/pdf/esp/doc16266/doc16266-contenido.pdf
- Sellnow, Timothy L.; Seeger, Matthew W. y Ulmer, Robert R. (2005): “Constructing the ‘new normal’ through post-crisis discourse”. En H. Dan O’Hair, Robert L. Heath y Gerald R. Ledlow (Eds.): Community preparedness and response to terrorism, vol 3: Communication and the Media, Westport, CT: Praeger, pp. 167–189.
- Sellnow, Timothy L.; Ulmer, Robert R.; Seeger, Matthew W.; Littlefield, Robert S. (2009): Effective Risk Communication: A Message-Centered Approach, New York: Springer.
- Sellnow, Timothy L. y Sellnow, Deanna (2010): “The instructional dynamic of risk and crisis communication: Distinguishing instructional messages from dialogue”. The Review of Communication 10.2, pp. 112-126. : https://doi.org/10.1080/15358590903402200
- Slovic, Paul (1987): “Perception of risk”. Science, 236, pp. 280-285.
- Slovic, Paul (1997): “Public perception of risk”. Journal of Environmental Health 59 (9), pp. 22-23.
- Sneader, Kevin y Singhal, Shubham (2020): Beyond coronavirus: The path to the next normal, McKinsey & Company 5, https://kinyungu.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/McKinseyBeyond-coronavirus-The-path-to-the-next-normal.pdf
- Spiney, Laura (2017): El jinete pálido. 1918: la epidemia que cambió al mundo, Barcelona: Planeta, 2018. Trad. de Yolanda Fontal.
- Vieten, Ulrike (2020): “The ‘New Normal’ and ‘Pandemic Populism’: The COVID-19 Crisis and Anti-Hygienic Mobilisation of the Far-Right”. Social Sciences, 9-165, pp. 1-14. https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci9090165
- Walaski, Pamela (Ferrante) (2011): Risk and crisis communications. Methods and Messages, Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
- WHO, World Health Organizatin (2004): Outbreak communication: best practices for communicating with the public during an outbreak, https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/outbreak-communication-best-practices-for-communicating-with-the-public-during-an-outbreak
- Wong, Catherine Mei Ling; Jensen, Olivia (2020): “The paradox of trust: perceived risk and public compliance during the COVID-19 pandemic in Singapore”. Journal of Risk Research 23.7-8, pp. 1021-1030. https://doi.org/10.1080/13669877.2020.1756386
- Yoe, Charles (2019): Principles of Risk Analysis. Decision Making under Uncertainty, Boca Ratón (FL): Taylor & Francis.