Examining motivational correlates of mental toughness in Spanish athletes

  1. Alvarez, O. 1
  2. Walker, B. 1
  3. Castillo, I. 1
  1. 1 Columbia University
    info

    Columbia University

    Nueva York, Estados Unidos

    ROR https://ror.org/00hj8s172

Revista:
Cuadernos de psicología del deporte

ISSN: 1578-8423 1989-5879

Año de publicación: 2018

Volumen: 18

Número: 1

Páginas: 141-150

Tipo: Artículo

Otras publicaciones en: Cuadernos de psicología del deporte

Resumen

Com base nas teorias de autodeterminação e metas de realização, neste estudo, testamos a relação entre as percepções dos estilos interpessoais dos treinadores, as orientações dos objetivos do atleta, a tenacidade mental (MT) e a intenção futura da prática esportiva, bem como a autopercepção da conquista no esporte em uma amostra de 155 atletas (82 homens e 73 mulheres) com idade média de 22,64 + 3,91 anos, de 13 equipes que com- pletaram um questionário com as variáveis de interesse para o estudo. Os resultados revelaram que as percepções do atleta sobre o estilo interpessoal de apoio à autonomia predisseram positivamente a orientação das tarefas, enquanto as percepções do atleta sobre o controle do estilo interpessoal pre- viam positivamente a orientação do ego. Além disso, a orientação da tarefa e a autopercepção da realização no esporte previam positivamente MT, o que, por sua vez, previu a intenção futura da prática esportiva. Os resulta- dos enfatizam a importância de ter treinadores que promovam a autonomia de ambiente de apoio para facilitar o desenvolvimento de MT em atletas.

Referencias bibliográficas

  • 1. Alvarez, M. S., Balaguer, I., Castillo, I., Duda, J. L. (2012). Te coachcreated motivational climate, young athletes’ well-being, and intentions to continue participation. Journal of Clinical Sport Psychology, 6(2), 166-179. https://doi.org/10.1123/jcsp.6.2.166
  • 2. Ames, C. (1992). Achievement goals and adaptive motivational patterns: Te role of the environment. In G. C. Roberts (Ed.), Motivation in sport and exercise (pp. 161–176). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
  • 3. Amorose, A. J. & Anderson-Butcher, D. (2015). Exploring the independent and interactive efects of autonomy-supportive and controlling coaching behaviors on adolescent athletes’ motivation for sport. Sport, Exercise, and Performance Psychology, 4, 206-218. http://dx.doi. org/10.1037/spy0000038
  • 4. Anthony, R. D., Gucciardi, D. F, & Gordon, S. (2016). A meta-studyof qualitative research on mental toughness development. International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1750984X.2016.1146787
  • 5. Balaguer, I., Castillo, I., & Tomás, I. (1996). Análisis de las propiedades psicométricas del Cuestionario de Orientación al Ego y a la Tarea en el Deporte (TEOSQ) en su traducción al castellano. Psicológica. 17, 71-81.
  • 6. Balaguer, I., Castillo, I., Duda, J. L., & Tomás, I. (2009). Análisis de las propiedades psicométricas de la versión española del Cuestionario de Clima en el Deporte. Revista de Psicología del Deporte, 18, 73-83.
  • 7. Balaguer, I., Castillo, I., Duda, J. L., Quested, E., & Morales, V. (2011). Predictores socio-contextuales y motivacionales de la intención de continuar participando: Un análisis desde la SDT en danza. Revista Internacional de Ciencias del Deporte, 25(7), 305-319.
  • 8. Balaguer, I., González, L., Fabra, P., Castillo, I., Mercé, J., & Duda, J.L. (2012). Coaches’ interpersonal style, basic psychological needs, andthe well- and ill-being of young soccer players: A longitudinal analysis.Journal of Sports Sciences, 30(15), 1619-1629. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2012.731517
  • 9. Bartholomew, K. J., Ntoumanis, N., & Togersen-Ntoumani, C. (2010). Te controlling interpersonal style in a coaching context: Development and initial validation of a psychometric scale. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 32(2), 193–216. https://doi.org/10.1123/ jsep.32.2.193
  • 10. Bartholomew, K. J., Ntoumanis, N., Ryan, R. M., Bosch, J. A., & Tøgersen-Ntoumani, C. (2011). Self-determination theory and diminished functioning: Te role of interpersonal control and psychological need thwarting. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 37, 1459–1473. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/ 0146167211413125
  • 11. Castillo, I., Tomás, I., Ntoumanis, N., Bartholomew, K., Duda, J. L., & Balaguer, I. (2014). Psychometric properties of the Spanish version of the Controlling Coach Behaviors Scale in the sport context. Psicothema, 26, 409-414. http://dx.doi.org/10.7334/psicothema2014.76
  • 12. Chatzisarantis, N., Biddle, S., & Meek, G. (1997). A self-determinationtheory approach to the study of intentions and the intention-behaviourrelationship in children’s physical activity. British Journal of HealthPsychology, 2, 343-360. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8287.1997.tb00548.x
  • 13. Connaughton, D., Wadey, R., Hanton, S., & Jones, G. (2008). Te development and maintenance of mental toughness: perceptions of elite performers. Journal of Sport Sciences, 26, 83-95. http://dx.doi. org/10.1080/02640410701310958
  • 14. Crust, L. (2007). Mental toughness in sport: A review. InternationalJournal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 5, 270-290. https://doi.org/10.1080/1612197X.2007.9671836
  • 15. Crust, L. (2009). Te relationship between mental toughness and afect intensity. Personality and Individual Diferences, 47, 959-963. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2009.07.023
  • 16. Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2000). Te “what” and “why” ofgoal pursuits: Human needs and the self-determination of behavior. Psychological Inquiry, 11, 227–268. http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/S15327965PLI1104 01
  • 17. Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (Eds.) (2002). Handbook of self-determination research. Rochester, NY: University Rochester Press.
  • 18. Duda, J. L. (1989). Relationship between task and ego orientation and the perceived purpose of sport among high school athletes. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 11(3), 318-335. https://doi.org/10.1123/ jsep.11.3.318
  • 19. Duda, J. L. (2001). Achievement goal research in sport: Pushing the boundaries and clarifying some misunderstandings. In G. C. Roberts (Ed.), Advances in motivation in sport and exercise. (pp. 129-182). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
  • 20. Duda, J. L. (2007). Motivation in sport settings: A goal perspective approach. In D. Smith & M. Bar-Eli (Eds.), Essential readings in sport and exercise psychology (pp. 78-93). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics. 21. Duda, J. L. (2013). Te conceptual and empirical foundations of Empowering CoachingTM: Setting the stage for the PAPA project. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 11, 311-318. http:// dx.doi.org/10.1080/1612197X.2013.839414
  • 22. Duda, J. L., Appleton, P. R., Stebbings, J., & Balaguer, I. (2017). Towards more empowering and less disempowering environments in youth sport: theory to evidence-based practice. In C. J. Knight, C. G. Harwood, & D. Gould (Eds.) Sport psychology for young athletes (pp. 81-93). New York, NY: Roudledge.
  • 23. Duda, J. L., Quested, E., Haug, E., Samdal, O., Wold, B., Balaguer, I., Castillo, I., Sarrazin, P., Papaioannou, A., Ronglan, L. T., Hall, H., & Cruz, J. (2013). Promoting Adolescent health through an intervention aimed at improving the quality of their participation in Physical Activity (PAPA): Background to the project and main trial protocol. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 11(4), 319-327. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1612197X.2013.839413
  • 24. Elliot, A. J., Cury, F., Fryer, J. W., & Huguet, P. (2006). Achievement goals, self-handicapping, and performance attainment: A mediational analysis. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 28(3), 344-361. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.28.3.344
  • 25. Falcó, C., Álvarez, O., Castillo, I., Estevan, I., Martos, J., Mugarra, F., & Iradi, A. (2009). Infuence of the distance in a roundhouse kick’s execution time and impact force in Taekwondo. Journal of Biomechanics, 42, 242-248. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiomech.2008.10.041
  • 26. Gardner, D. G., Cummings, L. L., Dunham, R. B., & Pierce, J. L. (1998). Single-item versus multiple-item measurement scales: An empirical comparison. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 58, 898-915.
  • 27. Gerber, M., Kalak, N., Lemola, S., Clough, P. J., Puhse, U., Elliot,C., Holsboer-Trachsler, E., & Brand, S. (2012). Adolescents’ exercise and physical activity are associated with mental toughness. Mental Health and Physical Activity, 5, 35-42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mhpa.2012.02.004
  • 28. Golby, J., & Sheard, M. (2004). Mental toughness and hardiness at diferent levels of rugby league. Personality and Individual Diferences, 37, 933–942. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2003.10.015
  • 29. Gould D., Diefenbach K., & Mofett A. (2002) Psychological characteristics and their development in Olympic champion. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology 14, 172-204. https://doi. org/10.1080/10413200290103482
  • 30. Gucciardi, D. F. (2010). Mental toughness profles and their relations with achievement goals and sport motivation in adolescent Australian footballers. Journal of Sports Sciences, 28(6), 615-625. http://dx.doi. org/10.1080/02640410903582792
  • 31. Gucciardi, D.F., & Gordon, S. (2008). Personal construct psychology and the research interview: the example of mental toughness in sport. Personal Construct Teory & Practice, 5, 119-130.
  • 32. Gucciardi, D.F., Gordon, S., Dimmock, J., & Mallett, C.J. (2009). Understanding the coach’s role in the development of mental toughness: Perspectives of elite Australian football coaches. Journal of Sports Sciences, 27, 1483–1496. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02640410903150475
  • 33. Gucciardi, D.F., Hanton, S., Gordon, S., Mallett, C.J., & Temby, P. (2015). Te concept and measurement of mental toughness: Test of dimensionality, nomological network and traitness. Journal of Personality, 83, 26-44. http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1111/jopy.12079
  • 34. Gucciardi, D. F. & Hanton, S. (2016). Mental toughness: Critical refections and future considerations. In R. Schinke, K. McGannon, & B. Smith (Eds.), Te Routledge International Handbook of Sport Psychology (pp. 439–448). New York, NY: Routledge.
  • 35. Gucciardi, D. F., Jackson, B., Hantond, S., & Reid, M. (2015). Motivational correlates of mentally tough behaviours in tennis. Journal ofScience and Medicine in Sport, 18(1), 67-71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2013.11.009
  • 36. Gucciardi, D. F., Jackson, B., Hodge, K., Anthony, D. R., & Brooke, L. (2015). Implicit theories of mental toughness: Relations with cognitive, motivational, and behavioral correlates. Sport, Exercise, and Performance Psychology, 4, 100–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/spy0000024
  • 37. Hambleton, R. K., & Kanjee, A. (1995). Increasing the validity of cross-cultural assessments: Use of improved methods for test adaptations. European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 11(3), 147-157. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1015-5759.11.3.147
  • 38. Hatzigeorgiadis, A., & Biddle, S. (1999). Te efects of goal orientation and perceived competence on cognitive interference during tennis and snooker performance. Journal of Sport Behavior, 22(4), 479-501.
  • 39. Hays, K. F. (2012). Te psychology of performance in sport and other domains. In S. Murphy (Ed.), Te Oxford Handbook of Sport and Performance Psychology (pp. 24-45). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
  • 40. Jowett, S., & Poczwardowski, A. (2007). Understanding the coachathlete relationship. In S. Jowett & D. Lavallee (Eds), Social Psychology in Sport (pp. 3-14). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
  • 41. Lemyre, P. N., Roberts, G. C., & Stray-Gundersen, J. (2007). Motivation, overtraining, and burnout: can self-determined motivation predict overtraining and burnout in elite athletes? European Journal of Sport Science, 7, 115-126. https://doi.org/10.1080/17461390701302607
  • 42. Mageau, G. A., & Vallerand, R. J. (2003). Te coach-athlete relationship: A motivational model. Journal of Sports Sciences, 21, 883–904. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0264041031000140374
  • 43. Mahoney, J., Ntoumanis, N., Mallett, C., & Gucciardi, D. (2014). Temotivational antecedents of the development of mental toughness: aself-determination theory perspective. International Review of Sportand Exercise Psychology, 7 (1), 184-197. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1750984X.2014.925951
  • 44. Mahoney, J. W., Gucciardi, D. F., Ntoumanis, N., & Mallet, C. J. (2014). Mental toughness in sport: Motivational antecedents and associations with performance and psychological health. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 36, 281-292. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.2013-0260
  • 45. Mahoney, J. W., Ntoumanis, N., Gucciardi, D. F., Mallett, C. J., & Stebbings, J. (2016) Implementing an autonomy-supportive intervention to develop mental toughness in adolescent rowers. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 28 (2), 199-215. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10 413200.2015.1101030 46. Nicholls, J. G. (1989). Te competitive ethos and democratic education. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
  • 47. Nicholls, A. R., Polman, R. C. J., Levy, A., & Backhouse, S. H. (2009). Mental toughness in sport: Achievement level, gender, age, experience, and sport type diferences. Personality and Individual Diferences, 47, 73–75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2009.02.006
  • 48. Roberts, G. C. (2012). Motivation in sport and exercise from an achievement goal theory perspective: After 30 years, where we are?. In G. C. Roberts & D. C. Treasure (Eds.), Advances in motivation in sport and exercise (pp. 5-58). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
  • 49. Smith, A. L., Balaguer, I., & Duda, J. L. (2006). Goal orientation profle diferences on perceived motivational climate, perceived peer relationships, and motivation-related responses of youth athletes. Journal of Sports Sciences, 24(12), 1315-1327. https://doi. org/10.1080/02640410500520427
  • 50. Smith, A. L., Ntoumanis, N., & Duda, J. L. (2010). An investigation of coaching behavior, goal motives, and implementation intentions as predictors of well-being in sport. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 22, 17–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/ 10413200903403190
  • 51. Steiger, J. H. (1980). Tests for comparing elements of a correlation matrix. Psychological Bulletin, 87, 245-251.
  • 52. Weinberg, R., Freysinger, V., Melliano, K., & Breookhouse, E. (2016). Building mental toughness: Perceptions of sport psychologists. Te Sport Psychologist, 30, 231-241. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/tsp.2015-0090.