Do Spanish IPO firms fit the Continental European model for going public?
- Vicente A. Sanchis 1
- José E. Farinós 1
- David Conesa 1
- Pardo Pérez, Francisca
-
1
Universitat de València
info
ISSN: 0210-2412
Year of publication: 2020
Volume: 49
Issue: 3
Pages: 345-369
Type: Article
More publications in: Revista española de financiación y contabilidad
Abstract
This paper analyses the determinants of the going public decision of the non-financial firms that were listed in the Spanish Continuous Market through an Initial Public Offering of shares (IPO) in the period 1997–2013. We employ series of characteristics related to the firms and the economic environment and logit regression methods in order to find the model that best fits the firms that went public, using the firms that could have gone public in the same period, but opted not to, as a control sample. In Spain, the firms that went public were characterized by being relatively larger and riskier than those that did not. In addition, their IPOs came after a period of investment and growth, although it does not appear that they intended to rebalance their financial structure or reduce their financial costs. Likewise, our results are robust across different sensitivity analyses. Our results suggest that Spanish IPO firms do not fit the Continental European model for going public. Therefore, it seems that differences between the Continental European and the Anglo-Saxon model are fading.
Funding information
Funders
-
Universitat de València
- UV-INV-PRECOMP12-80505
Bibliographic References
- Abrahamson, M. , Jenkinson, T. , Jones, H. (2011). Why don’t U.S. Issuers demand European fees for IPOs? Journal of Finance , 66, 2055–2082.
- Acedo-Ramírez, M. Á. , Ruiz-Cabestre, F. J. (2018). Total and primary underpricings in the IPO market: Are they explained by the same variables? Spanish Journal of Finance and Accounting/Revista Española De Financiación Y Contabilidad . Advance online publication. doi:10.1080/02102412.2018.1468642
- Akaike, H. (1974). A new look at the statistical model identification. IEEE Transantions on Automatic Control , 19, 716–723.
- Álvarez-Otero, S. (2001). Las salidas a bolsa en España: Características y rentabilidades iniciales. Cuadernos de Economía y Dirección de la Empresa , 9, 303–325.
- Álvarez-Otero, S. (2015). Pricing IPOs: An approach for Spanish firms. Journal of Finance and Bank Management , 3, 60–76.
- Álvarez-Otero, S. , Fernández, A. I. (2003). La explicación de la infravaloración de la salida a bolsa. Revista de Economía Aplicada , 33, 49–64.
- Álvarez-Otero, S. , González, V. M. (2005a). The long–Run underperformance of initial public offerings: A methodological problem? Revista de Economía Aplicada , 37, 51–67.
- Álvarez-Otero, S. , González, V. M. (2005b). Performance of Spanish firms going public: Windows of opportunity and the informative effect. Applied Financial Economics , 15, 1283–1297. [Taylor & Francis Online],
- Álvarez-Otero, S. , López-Iturriaga, F. J. (2018). Does corporate governance affect the valuation of Spanish IPOs? The role of ownership structure and the board of directors. Spanish Journal of Finance and Accounting/Revista Española De Financiación Y Contabilidad , 47, 214–241. [Taylor & Francis Online], [Web of Science ®],
- Ameer, R. (2012). Macroeconomic factors and Initial Public Offerings (IPOs) in Malaysa. Asian academy of management. Journal of Accounting and Finance , 8, 41–67.
- Bank of Spain . (2017). Annual report 2016 . Retrieved from https://www.bde.es/bde/es/secciones/informes/Publicaciones_an/Informe_anual/index2016.html
- Beaulieu, M. C. , Bouden, H. B. (2015). Firm-specific risk and IPO market cycles. Applied Economics , 47, 5354–5377. [Taylor & Francis Online], [Web of Science ®],
- Boehmer, E. , Ljungqvist, A. (2004). On the decision to go public: Evidence from privately-held firms (Discussion Paper No. 16/2004). Frankfurt: Deutsche Bundesbank.
- Bolsas y Mercados Españoles (BME) . (2017, September). Propiedad de acciones españolas cotizadas 2016: Nuevo récord de los inversores extranjeros con el 43,1% . Madrid, Spain: BME Studies & Reports.
- Breinlinger, L. , Glogova, E. (2002). Determinants of initial public offerings – A European time-series cross-section analysis (Financial Stability Report, No. 3: 87–106). Vienna, Austria: Austrian Central Bank.
- Cals de Oliveira, B. , Martelanc, B. (2014). IPO determinants of Brazilian companies. Brazilian Review of Finance , 12, 135–161.
- Chemmanur, T. , Fulghieri, P. (1999). A theory of the going-public decision. Review of Financial Studies , 12, 249–279.
- Chorruk, J. , Worthington, A. (2010). Firm-specific determinants and outcomes of initial public offerings in Thailand, 2001–2007 (Discussion Paper No. 2010-02). Brisbane, Australia: Griffith Business School.
- Diamond, D. (1991). Monitoring and reputation: The choice between bank loans and privately placed debt. Journal of Political Economy , 99, 689–721.
- Engelmann, B. , Hayden, E. , Tasche, D. (2003). Measuring the discriminative power of rating systems (Discussion Paper No. 01/2003). Frankfurt: Deutsche Bundesbank.
- EY . (2017). EY global IPO trends: Q4 2017 . Retrieved from https://www.ey.com/Publication/vwLUAssets/ey-global-ipo-trends-q4-2017/$FILE/ey-global-ipo-trends-q4-2017.pdf
- Farinós, J. E. (2001). Rendimientos anormales de las OPV en España. Investigaciones Económicas , 25(2), 417–437.
- Farinós, J. E. , García, C. J. , Ibáñez, A. M. (2007a). Is the long–Run underperformance of seasoned equity issues irrational? Evidence from Spain. International Review of Financial Analysis , 16, 183–199.
- Farinós, J. E. , García, C. J. , Ibáñez, A. M. (2007b). Operating and stock market performance of state-owned enterprise privatizations: The Spanish experience. International Review of Financial Analysis , 16, 367–389.
- Field, L. C. (1998). The IPO as the first stage in the sale of the firm (Working paper, Pennsylvania State University). Pennsylvania, USA: Sage.
- Fischer, C. (2000). Why do companies go public? Empirical evidence from Germany’s Neuer Markt (Working paper). Munich, Germany: University of Munich.
- Gill de Albornoz, B. , Pope, P. F. (2004). The determinants of the going public decision: Evidence from the U.K (Working Paper AD–WP 2004–22). Valencia, Spain: Valencian Institute of Economic Research (IVIE).
- Holmström, B. , Tirole, J. (1993). Market liquidity and performance monitoring. Journal of Political Economy , 101, 678–709.
- Huyghebaert, N. , Van Hulle, C. (2006). Structuring the IPO: Empirical evidence on the portions of primary and secondary shares. Journal of Corporate Finance , 12, 296–320.
- International Monetary Fund (IFM) . (2018, January). World economic outlook . Washington, DC, USA.
- Jain, B. A. , Kini, O. (1999). The life cycle of initial public offerings. Journal of Business Finance & Accounting , 26, 1281–1307.
- La Porta, R. , Lopez-de-Silanes, F. , Shleifer, A. , Vishny, R. W. (1997). Legal determinants of external finance. Journal of Finance , 52, 1131–1150.
- Leland, H. E. , Pyle, D. H. (1977). Informational asymmetries, financial structure, and financial intermediation. Journal of Finance, 32(2), 371–387.
- Loughran, T. , Ritter, J. R. , Rydqvist, K. (1994). Initial public offerings: International insights. Pacific Basin Finance Journal , 2, 168–199.
- Mayur, M. , Kumar, M. (2013). Determinants of going-public decision in an emerging market: Evidence from India. Vikalpa: the Journal for Decision Makers , 38, 65–86.
- Megginson, W. L. , Netter, J. M. (2001). From state to market: A survey of empirical studies on privatization. Journal of Economic Literature , 39, 321–389.
- Meluzín, T. , Zinecker, M. , Lapinska, J. (2014). Determinants of initial public offerings: The case of Poland. Revista De Métodos Cuantitativos Para La Economía Y La Empresa , 18, 5–17.
- Myers, S. C. , Majluf, N. S. (1984). Corporate financing and investment decisions when firms have information that investors do not have. Journal of Financial Economics , 13, 187–221.
- Nelder, J. A. , Wedderburn, R. W. M. (1972). Generalized linear models. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society. Series A (general) ,135 (3), 370–384.
- Pagano, M. (1993). The flotation of companies on the stock market: A coordination failure model. European Economic Review , 37, 1101–1125.
- Pagano, M. , Panetta, F. , Zingales, L. (1998). Why do companies go public? Journal of Finance , 53, 27–64.
- Pannemans, S. (2002, December 5–7). Going public: Opportunism or necessity? Empirical evidence from Belgian IPOs . Paper presented at the Eunip Conference, Abo Akademi University, Turku, Finland.
- Pastor, L. , Veronesi, P. (2005). Rational IPO waves. Journal of Finance , 60, 1713–1757.
- Rajan, R. G. (1992). Insiders and outsiders: The choice between informed and arm’s length debt. Journal of Finance , 47, 1367–1400.
- Ritter, J. R. (1991). The long-run performance of initial public offerings. Journal of Finance , 46, 3–27.
- Ritter, J. R. (2014, June 19). Why is going public so costly? [on line]. Forbes . Retrieved from https://www.forbes.com/sites/jayritter/2014/06/19/why-is-going-public-so-costly/#311d88cd4ff0
- Rydqvist, K. , Högholm, K. (1995). Going public in the 1980s: Evidence from Sweden. European Financial Management , 1, 287–315.
- Stoughton, N. M. , Zechner, J. (1998). IPO mechanisms, monitoring, and ownership structure. Journal of Financial Economics , 49, 45–77.
- Subadar-Agathee, U. , Sannassee, R. V. , Brooks, C. (2014). The long-run performance of IPOs: The case of the stock exchange of Mauritius. Applied Financial Economics , 24, 1123–1145. [Taylor & Francis Online],
- Zhou, M. , Xiao, D. , Chan, K. C. , Fung, H.-G. (2018). The impact of pre-IPO performance pressure on research and development investments of an IPO firm: Evidence from China. Economic Modelling . Advance online publication. doi:10.1016/j.econmod.2018.09.013
- Zingales, L. (1995). Insider ownership and the decision to go public. Review of Economic Studies , 62, 425–448.