Anabolic steroids and their effects on healthA case study of media social responsibility
- Borel-Hänni, François 1
- Agulló-Calatayud, Víctor 2
- Llopis-Goig, Ramón 2
- 1 University of Lille, France
-
2
Universitat de València
info
ISSN: 1989-6239
Année de publication: 2019
Volumen: 11
Número: 2
Pages: 187-198
Type: Article
D'autres publications dans: Journal of sport and health research
Résumé
Anabolic steroids are among the oldest performanceenhancing drugs in sport and their use has spread into many other layers of society. The use and sale of steroids are illegal in most parts of the world, and authorities who attempt to combat trafficking in them find themselves engaged in ceaseless, yet ultimately futile efforts: traffickers are always a step ahead of them. However, an effective way to combat steroid use could be to inform people about these drugs’ advantages and disadvantages. The mainstream media can play an important part in this process. They have a social responsibility to provide exhaustive information about the long-term damage caused by these substances. Do journalists uphold this responsibility? Through a study of the headlines the Spanish press devoted to the issue between 2007 and 2011, we have examined the following question: did journalists actually inform their audience about all aspects of this public health problem? We found that they easily fall prey to sensationalism, emphasizing catchier facts to the expense of others, health-related for instance, which provides an incomplete depiction of the matter and may have harmful long-term effects, as well as going against journalism deontology
Références bibliographiques
- Agulló-Calatayud, V.; Aguilar-Serrano, J.; Aleixandre-Benavent, R.; Valderrama-Zurián, J.C.; Vidal-Infer, A. (2012). El consum recreatiu d’esteroides anabolitzants entre els joves valencians. TSNova.6: 19–34.
- Agulló-Calatayud, V.; Aleixandre-Benavent, R.; González-Alcaide, G.; Valderrama-Zurián, J.C. (2008). Consumption of Anabolic Steroids in Sport, Physical Activity and as a Drug of Abuse: An Analysis of the Scientific Literature and Areas of Research. British Journal of Sports Medicine. 42 (2): 103–109. Doi: 10.1136/bjsm.2007.036228
- Agulló-Calatayud, V. (2013). Recreational Anabolic Steroids Consumption: A Sociological Perspective (PhD diss.).Valencia: Universitat de València.
- Arribas, C. (2007). El público quiere gladiadores. El País, December 17.
- Austin, J. L. (1962). How to do things with words. Oxford: Urmson.
- Avilez, J. L. ; Zevallos-Morales, A. ; Taype Rondán, A. (2017). Use of enhancement drugs amongst athletes and television celebrities and public interest in androgenic anabolic steroids. Exploring two Peruvian cases with Google Trends. Public Health. 146: 29-31. Doi: 10.1016/j.puhe.2017.01.011
- Borel-Hänni, F. (2015a). Information through a Lens: Media and Journalists’ Social Responsibility towards French Football Referees. European Journal for Sport and Society. 12 (4): 397-419. Doi: 10.1080/16138171.2015.11730365
- Borel-Hänni, F. (2015b). La performativité des representations médiatiques à l’épreuve du terrain sportif: l’exemple de l’arbitre de football. Questions de Communication. 27: 279-299.
- Breivík, G.; Hanstad, D.V.; Loland, S. (2009). Attitudes towards use of performanceenhancing substances and body modification techniques. A comparison between elite athletes and the general population. Sport in Society. 12 (6): 737–754. Doi: 10.1080/17430430902944183
- Champagne, P. (1990) Faire l’opinion: le nouveau jeu politique. Paris: Minuit.
- Cordaro, F.; Lombardo, S.; Cosentino, M. (2011). Selling androgenic anabolic steroids by the pound: Identification and analysis of popularwebsites on the Internet. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports. 21: 247–259. Doi : 10.1111/j.1600-0838.2010.01263.x
- Dimeo, P.; Taylor, J. (2013). Monitoring drug use in sport: The contrast between official statistics and other evidence. Drugs: Education, Prevention & Policy. 20(1): 40-47. Doi: 10.3109/09687637.2012.713412
- Donohoe, T.; Johnson, N. (1986). Foul Play: Drug Abuse in Sport. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
- Esquenazi, J. P. (2003). Sociologie des publics. Paris: La Découverte.
- Friedman, M. (1970). The Social Responsibility of Business is to Increase its Profits. The New York Times Magazine, September 13.
- García-Ferrando, M.; Llopis-Goig, R.; (2011). Ideal democrático y bienestar personal. Encuesta de hábitos deportivos en España 2010. Madrid: Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas.
- Goulet, V. (2010). Médias et classes populaires. Les usages ordinaires des informations. Paris: Ina.
- Griffiths, S.; Murray, S.; Mitchison, D.; Mond, J. (2016). Anabolic steroids: Lots of muscle in the short term, potentially devastating health consequences in the long-term. Drug and Alcohol Review. 35: 375-376. Doi: 10.1111/dar.12433
- Hall, S. (1973). Encoding and Decoding in the Television Discourse. Birmingham: University of Birmingham.
- Hermann, A.; Henneberg, M (2015). Long term effects of doping in sporting records: 18862012. Journal of Human Sport and Exercise. 9 (3): 727-743. Doi: 10.14198/jhse2014.93.05
- Hoberman, J. (1992). Moral Engines: The Science of Performance and the Dehumanization of Sport. New York: Free Press.
- Houlihan, B. (1999). Dying to Win: Doping in Sport and the Development of Anti-Doping Policy. Strasbourg: Council of Europe Publishing.
- James, R.; Nepusz, T.; Naughton, D.; Petróczi, A. (2013). A potential inflating effect in estimation models: Cautionary evidence from comparing performance enhancing drug and herbal hormonal supplement use estimates. Psychology of Sport and Exercise. 14(1): 84-96. Doi: 10.1016/j.psychsport.2012.08.003
- Kanayama, G.; Pope Jr., H. (2018). History and epidemiology of anabolic androgens in athletes and non-athletes. Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology. 15;464:4-13. Doi: 10.1016/j.mce.2017.02.039
- Lazarsfeld, P.; Berelson, B.; Gaudet, H. (1944). The People’s Choice: How The Voter Makes Up His Mind in a Presidential Campaign. New York: Columbia University Press.
- Lentillon-Kaestner, V.; Ohl, F. (2011). Can we measure accurately the prevalence of doping? Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports. 21(6): 132-142. Doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0838.2010.01199.x
- López, B. (2011). The Invention of a ‘Drug of Mass Destruction’: Deconstructing the EPO Myth. Sport in History. 31 (1): 84–109. Doi: 10.1080/17460263.2011.555208
- Lundholm, L.; Frisell, T.; Lichtenstein, P.;Långström, N. (2014). Anabolic androgenic steroids and violent offending: confounding by polysubstance abuse among 10365 general population men. Addiction. 110 (1): 100-108. Doi: 10.1111/add.12715
- McCombs, M. (2004). Setting the Agenda: The Mass Media and Public Opinion. Cambridge: Polity Press.
- McVeigh, J.; Begley, E. (2017). Anabolic steroids in the UK: an increasing issue for public health. Drugs: Education, Prevention and Policy. 24(3): 278-285. Doi: 10.1080/09687637.2016.1245713
- Møller, V. (2015). Doping in Sport. In Giulianotti, R. (ed.) Routledge Handbook of the Sociology of Sport. London: Routledge.
- Moston, S.; Engelberg, T.; Skinner, J. (2015). Perceived incidence of drug use in Australian sport: a survey of athletes and coaches. Sport in Society. 18 (1): 91-105. Doi: 10.1080/17430437.2014.927867
- Moston, S.; Engelberg, T.; Skinner, J. (2012). Perceived incidence of drug use in Australian sport: A survey of public opinion. Sport in Society. 15 (1): 64-77. Doi: 10.1080/03031853.2011.625277
- Mottram, D. (2003). Prevalence of Drug Misuse in Sport. In Mottram, D. (ed.) Drugs in Sport. Milton Park, UK: Routledge.
- Mottram, D. (2011). Prevalence of drug misuse in sport. In Mottram, D. (ed.) Drugs in sport (5th edition). New York: Routledge/Taylor & Francis Group.
- Munich Declaration of the Duties and Rights of Journalists. (1971). Munich, November 23-24
- Murray, S.; Griffiths, S.; Mond, J.; Kean, J.; Blashill, A. (2016). Anabolic steroid use and body image psychopathology in men: delineating between appearanceversus performance-driven motivation. Drug and Alcohol Dependance, Doi: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2016.06.008
- Nocelli, L.; Kamber, M.; François, Y.; Gmel, G.; Marti, B. (1998). Discordant public perception of doping in elite versus recreational sport in Switzerland. Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine. 8:195-200.
- Petrocelli, M.; Oberweis, T.; Petrocelli, J. (2008). Getting huge, getting ripped: A qualitative exploration of recreational steroid use. Journal of Drug Issues. 38 (4): 1187–1205. Doi: 10.1177/002204260803800412
- Reche, C. (2017). Anabolizantes. Yonquis en el gimnasio. Valencia Plaza, January 19.
- Ricœur, P. (1994). Éthique et responsabilité. Neuchâtel: Éditions de la Baconnière.
- Sagoe, D.; Molde, H.; Andreassen, C.; Torsheim T.; Pallesen, S. (2014). The global epidemiology of anabolic-androgenic steroid use: a meta-analysis and meta-regression analysis. Annals of Epidemiology. 24 (5): 383398. Doi: 10.1016/j.annepidem.2014.01.009
- Sapiro, G. (2011). La responsabilité de l’écrivain. Paris: Seuil.
- Schwerin, M.; Corcoran, K. (1992). What do people think of male steroid users? An experimental investigation. Journal of Applied Social Psychology. 22: 833-840.
- Shilling, C. (1993). The Body and Social Theory. London: Sage.
- Stamm, H. P.; Lamprecht, M.; Kamber, M.; Marti, B.; Mahler, N. (2008). The public perception of doping in sport in Switzerland. Journal of Sports Sciences. 26: 235-242. Doi: 10.1080/02640410701552914
- Thomas, J.; Dunn, M.; Swift, W.; Burns, L. (2011). Illicit drug knowledge and informationseeking behaviours among elite athletes. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport. 14 (4): 278-282. Doi: 10.1016/j.jsams.2011.02.001
- Thomas, W. (1928). The Child in America. New York: Alfred Knopf.
- Thorlindsson, T.; Halldórsson, V. (2010). Sport and use of anabolic androgenic steroids among Icelandic high school students: A critical test of three perspectives. Substance Abuse Treatment, Prevention and Policy. 5 (32): 1–11. Doi: 10.1186/1747-597X-5-32
- Todd, T. (1987). Anabolic Steroids: The Gremlins of Sport. Journal of Sports History. 14 (1): 87–107.
- Van Raalte, J.; Cusimano, K.; Brewer, B. (1993). Perceptions of anabolic steroid users. Journal of Applied Social Psychology. 23: 1214-1225.
- Vega Fuente, A. (1996). ¿Los medios de comunicación educan sobre las drogas? Comunicar. 6: 115-120.
- Vorona, E.; Nieschlag, E. (2018). Adverse effects of doping with anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS) in competitive athletics, recreational sports and bodybuilding. Minerva Endocrinologica. 19 Feb. Doi: 10.23736/S0391-1977.18.02810-9
- Voy, R. (1991). Drugs, Sport and Politics. Champaign, IL: Leisure Press.
- Waddington, I. (2000). Sport, Health and Drugs: A Critical Sociological Perspective. London: Routledge.
- Waddington, I.; Malcolm, D.; Roderick, M.; Naik, R. (2005). Drug use in English professional football. British Journal of Sports Medicine. 39 (4). Doi:10.1136/bjsm.2004.012468
- Woodland, L. (1980). Dope: Use of Drugs in Sport. Newton Abbot, UK: David and Charles.
- Yesalis, C.; Kennedy, N.; Kopstein, A.; Bahrke, M. (1993). Anabolic-androgenic steroids use in United States. The Journal of the American Medical Association. 270 (10): 1217–1221.