Experiencing Effects of Cocaine and Speed with Self-Regulation Therapy

  1. Amigó Borrás, Salvador
  2. Ferrández, Claudia
Revista:
The Spanish Journal of Psychology

ISSN: 1138-7416

Ano de publicación: 2015

Volume: 18

Tipo: Artigo

DOI: 10.1017/SJP.2015.50 DIALNET GOOGLE SCHOLAR lock_openAcceso aberto editor

Outras publicacións en: The Spanish Journal of Psychology

Obxectivos de Desenvolvemento Sustentable

Resumo

This study demonstrates the efficacy of Self-Regulation Therapy (SRT) to induce effects of cocaine and speed in a single session. SRT is a suggestion procedure of sensorial recall exercises (salivation, feeling of weight, tension, etc.) that increases the capacity to reproduce all sensation types and those that drugs produce. The Self-Regulation Scale (SRS) measures this capacity. Four groups participated, formed according to drug use: Group 1 (uses no illegal drugs); Group 2 (experimentally uses cannabis only); Group 3 (moderate drug users); Group 4 (regular drug users, especially stimulants). All four groups participated in an SRT session to induce relaxation. No differences in the SRS were found. Group 4 also participated in a session that reproduced effects of drugs with SRT, when Euphoria and the Effects of drugs score (high and rush) substantially increased in relation to the base-line (MD = �5.83; p < .001; and MD = -3; p < .001, respectively) and in relation to the relaxation session (MD = �4.06; p < .001; and MD = -1.96; p < .05, respectively). A profile predicting SRT efficacy was also obtained to induce the effects of cocaine and speed: low Conscientiousness and high Openness and SRS scores. Finally, the potential use of this procedure to treat addictions, and strategy development towards more controlled, responsible drug use, are discussed.

Referencias bibliográficas

  • Amigó S, (1992a). Manual de terapia de autorregulación [Self-regulation therapy handbook]. Valencia, Spain: Promolibro.
  • Amigó S. (1992b). Terapia de Autorregulación y reproducción voluntaria de los efectos de la cafeína: Estudio experimental de caso único [Self-Regulation Therapy and voluntary reproduction of the caffeine effects: A single-case experimental design]. Informació Psicologica, 49, 46–50.
  • Amigó S. (1993). Reproducción voluntaria de los efectos de la cocaína y del éxtasis por medio de la terapia de auto-regulación [Voluntary reproduction of the cocaine and ecstasy effects by Self-Regulation Therapy]. Informació Psicologica, 53, 17–26.
  • Amigó S. (1994). Self-regulation therapy and the voluntary reproduction of stimulant effects of ephedrine: Possible therapeutic applications. Contemporary Hypnosis, 11, 108–120.
  • Amigó S. (Ed.) (1995). II Jornadas sobre Drogodependencias [II Conference on drug addiction]. Valencia, Spain: UPV.
  • Amigó S. (1997). Uso potencial de metilfenidato y la sugestión en el tratamiento psicológico y en el aumento de las potencialidades humanas: Un estudio de caso [Potential use of methylphenidate and suggestion in the psychological treatment and in the increase of human potentialities: A case study]. Análisis y Modificación de Conducta, 23, 863–890.
  • Amigó S. (1998). Self-Regulation Therapy: Suggestion without hypnosis. In I. Kirsch, A. Capafons, E. Cardeña & S. Amigó (Eds.), Clinical hypnosis and Self-Regulation Therapy: A cognitive-behavioral perspective (pp. 311–330). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
  • Amigó S. (2005). La teoría del rasgo único de personalidad: Hacia una teoría unificada del cerebro y la conducta [The theory of the unique personality trait: Towards a unified theory of brain and behavior]. Valencia, Spain: UPV.
  • Amigó S. (2012). Cómo las drogas pueden mejorar nuestras vidas [How drugs can improve our lives]. Madrid, Spain: Amargord Ediciones.
  • Amigó S. (2014). Manual of controlled drug use. Madrid, Spain: Liber Factory.
  • Amigó S., Caselles A., Micó J. C., & García J. M. (2009). Dynamics of the unique trait of personality: Blood’s glutamate in response to methylphenidate and conditioning. Revista Internacional de Sistemas, 16, 35–40.
  • Amigó S., Caselles A., & Micó J. C. (2013). Self-regulation therapy to reproduce drug effects: A suggestion technique to change personality and DRD3 gene expression. The International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis, 61, 282–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00207144.2013.784094
  • Amigó S., & Infanzón M. E. (1999). Heroína sin heroína: La sugestión como sustituto de las drogas [Heroin without heroin: Suggestion as a substitute for drugs]. Análisis y Modificación de Conducta, 25, 751–781.
  • Amigó S., Zabiky G., & García J. (2007). Colocarse sin droga. Un nuevo enfoque desde la reducción del daño para dependientes a la cocaína [To get “high” without drugs. A new approach from the harm reduction perspective for cocaine-dependent]. Informació Psicològica, 89, 75–87.
  • Barr G. A., Sharpless N. S., Cooper S., Schiff S. R., Paredes W., & Bridger W. H. (1983). Classical conditioning decay and extinction of cocaine-induced hyperactivity and stereotype. Life Science, 33, 1341–1351. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0024-3205(83)90817-2
  • Bauman F. (1970). Hypnosis and the adolescent drug abuser. American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis, 13, 17–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00029157.1970.10402074
  • Capafons A. (1998). Applications of emotional self-regulation therapy. In I. Kirsch, A. Capafons, E. Cardeña, & S. Amigó (Eds.), Clinical hypnosis and Self-Regulation Therapy: Acognitive-behavioral perspective (pp. 331–349). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
  • Capafons A., & Amigó S. (1993). Hipnosis, terapia de auto-regulación e intervención comportamental [Hypnosis, self-regulation therapy and psychological intervention]. Valencia, Spain: Promolibro.
  • Capafons A., & Amigó S. (1995): Emotional Self-regulation Therapy for smoking reduction: Description and initial empirical data. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis, 43, 7–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00207149508409372
  • Cardeña E., & Spiegel D. (1993). Dissociative reactions to the Bay Area earthquake. American Journal of Psychiatry, 150, 474–478.
  • Csikszentmihalyi M. (1997). Finding flow: The psychology of engagement with everyday life. New York, NY: Harper Perennial.
  • Escrig M. C. (2014). Estudio cualitativo de los efectos de la reproducción de cocaína y anfetamina con Terapia de Auto-Regulación [Qualitative study of cocaine and amphetamine effects using Self-Regulation Therapy]. (Unpublished Master’s thesis). University of Valencia, Valencia (Spain).
  • Fischman M. W. (1984). The behavioral pharmacology of cocaine in humans. In J. Grabowski (Ed.), Cocaine: Pharmacology, effects, and treatment of abuse (NIDA Research Monograph 50, pp. 72–91). Washington, DC: Government Printing Office.
  • Fischman M. W., Schuster C. R., Resnekov L., Shick J. F. E., Krasnegor N. A., Fennell W., & Freedman D. X. (1976). Cardiovascular and subjective effects of intravenous cocaine administration in humans. Archives of General Psychiatry, 33, 983–989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.1976.01770080101010
  • Fogel S., & Hoffer A. (1962). The use of the hypnosis to interrupt and to reproduce and LSD-25 experience. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Psychopathology and Quarterly Review of Psychiatry and Neurology, 23, 11–16.
  • García T., Jiménez R., Santos-Rosa F. J., Reina R., & Cervelló E. (2008). Psychometric properties of the Spanish version of the Flow State Scale. The Spanish Journal of Psychology, 11, 660–669.
  • Granone F. (1973). Tratado de Hipnosis. Sofrología [Treatise of Hypnosis. Sophrology]. Barcelona, Spain: Editorial Científico-Médica.
  • Harary K., & Donahue E. (1994). Who do you think you are? San Francisco, CA: Harper.
  • Hastings A. (2006). An extended nondrug MDMA-like experience evoked through posthypnotic suggestion. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 38, 273–283. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02791072.2006.10399853
  • Higgins S. T., Bickel W. K., Hughes J. R., Lynn M., Capeless M. A., & Fenwick J. W. (1990). Effects of intranasal cocaine on human learning, performance and physiology. Psychopharmacology, 102, 451–458. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02247124
  • Kjellberg A., & Bohlin G. (1974). Self-reported arousal: Further development of a multifactorial inventory. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 15, 285–292. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9450.1974.tb00590.x
  • Lyery S. B., Ross S., Krugman A. D., & Lyde D. J. (1964). The effects of instructions upon performance and mood under amphetamine sulphate and chloral hydrate. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 68, 321–327.
  • Lynch J. J., Stein E. A., & Fertziger A. P. (1976). An analysis of 70 years of morphine classical conditioning: Implications of clinical treatment of narcotic addiction. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 163, 47–58.
  • Marlatt G. A., & Rohsenow D. J. (1980). Cognitive processes in alcohol use: Expectancy and fue balanced placebo design. In N. K. Mello (Eds.). Advances in substance abuse, vol. l. (pp. 159–199). New York, NY: JAI Press.
  • Martínez R. (2013). Evaluación de la Escala de Auto-Regulación, Sugestión y Personalidad [Assessment Self-Regulation Scale, suggestion and personality]. (Unpublished Master’s thesis). University of Valencia, Valencia (Spain).
  • Micó J. C., Amigó S., & Caselles A. (2012). Changing the general factor of personality and the c-fos gene expression with a single dose of methylphenidate and self-regulation therapy: A single case experimental design. The Spanish Journal of Psychology, 15, 850–867. http://dx.doi.org/10.5209/rev_SJOP.2012.v15.n2.38896
  • Moffitt K. H. (1999). Hypnosis and self-regulation training: An experimental comparison. Doctoral Dissertation. Paper AAI9942588. Retrieved from http://digitalcommons.uconn.edu/dissertations/AAI9942588
  • Muntaner C., Cascella N. G., Kumor K. M., Nagoshi C., Herning R., & Jaffe J. (1989). Placebo responses to cocaine administration in humans: Effects of prior administrations and verbal instructions. Psychopharmacology, 99, 282–286. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00442823
  • O’Brien C. P., Childress A. R., McLellan A. T., & Ehrman R. (1992). Classical conditioning in drug-dependent humans. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 654, 400–415. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1992.tb25984.x
  • O’Brien C. P., Ehrman R., & Ternes J. (1986). Classical conditioning in human opioid dependence. In S. R. Goldberg & I. P. Stolerman (Eds.), Behavioral analysis of drug dependence. (pp. 329–356). New York, NY: Academic Press.
  • Post R. M., Lockfeld A., Squillage K. M., & Contel N. R. (1981). Drug-environment interaction: Context dependency of cocaine-induced behavioral sensitization. Life Science, 28, 755–760. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/00243205(81)90157-0
  • Raskin A., Schulterbrandt J., Reatig N., & McKeon J. J. (1969). Replication of factors of psychopathology in interview, ward behavior and self-report ratings of hospitalized depressives. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 148, 87–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005053196901000-00010
  • Spanos N. P., & Chaves J. F. (Eds.). (1989). Hypnosis: The cognitive-behavioral perspective. Buffalo, NY: Prometeus.
  • Stewart J., De Wit H., & Eikelboom R. (1984). Role of unconditioned and conditioned drug effects in the self-administration of opiates and stimulants. Psychological Review, 91, 251–268. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0033295X.91.2.251
  • Williams D. G. (1990). Effects of psychoticism, extraversion, and neuroticism in current mood: A statistical review of six studies. Personality and Individual Differences, 11, 615–630. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0191-8869(90)90045-S
Fonte de datos: Dialnet