Violent and/or delinquent womena vision from the biopsychosocial perspective

  1. Soldino Garmendia, Virginia
  2. Romero Martínez, Ángel
  3. Moya Albiol, Luís
Revista:
Anales de psicología

ISSN: 0212-9728,  1695-2294

Año de publicación: 2016

Volumen: 32

Número: 1

Páginas: 279-287

Tipo: Artículo

DIALNET GOOGLE SCHOLAR lock_openDIGITUM editor

Otras publicaciones en: Anales de psicología

Resumen

Violence and/or delinquency in women have been masked to some extent by society. Thus, the main goal of this work is to deeply analyse the published works on these matters, in order to understand this phenomenon from a neurobiological perspective. Firstly, the theory of the cycle of violence as a facilitating mechanism of violence in women will be analysed, with a special emphasis on neuroanatomical correlates. Subsequently, the relation between drug consumption and violence in women will be explained. Finally, the main biological correlates known as facilitating mechanisms of violence in women will be exhaustively described. The main risk factors for the facilitation of violence and/or delinquency in women are mistreatment experiences during childhood and drug consumption. Furthermore, high levels of cortisol and testosterone and low levels of serotonin and oxytocin would be correlates of that violence. On the other hand, two types of aggressors have been described according to the response of the Autonomic Nervous System: the premeditated ones, who present a low reactivity, and the impulsive ones, who present a psychophysiological hyper-reactivity. As it is a complex and insufficiently studied issue, increasing the corpus of knowledge in this topic is necessary with the objective of developing effective programmes of treatment and/or prevention.

Referencias bibliográficas

  • Ariga, M., Uehara, T., Takeuchi, K., Ishige, Y., Nakano, R., & Mikuni, M. (2010). Follow-up study of female delinquent adolescents in a detention centre: effectiveness of psychiatric intervention as a mental health service. Internatioanl Journal of Social Psychiatry, 56(1), 15-22. doi: 10.1177/0020764008095114.
  • Azaola, E., & José-Yacamán, C. (1996). Las Mujeres Olvidadas: Un estudio sobre la situación actual de las cárceles de mujeres en la República Mexicana. Comisión Nacional de Derechos Humanos. México: El Colegio de México.
  • Bailey, B., & Eisikovits, Z. (2014). Violently Reactive Women and Their Relationship With an Abusive Mother. Journal of Interpersonal Violence. doi: 0886260514549463.
  • Banny, A.M., Tseng, W.L., Murray-Close, D., Pitula, C.E., & Crick, N.R. (2014). Borderline personality features as a predictor of forms and functions of aggression during middle childhood: examining the roles of gender and physiological reactivity. Development and Psychopathology, 26(3), 789-804. doi: 10.1017/S095457941400039X.
  • Banks, T., & Dabbs Jr., J.M. (1996). Salivary testosterone and cortisol in a delinquent and violent urban subculture. The Journal of Social Psychology, 136(1), 49-56.
  • Barry, J.A., Moran, E., Parekh, H.S., Morewood, T., Thomas, M., & Har-diman, P.J. (2014). Prolactin and aggression in women with fertility problems. Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, 34(7), 605-10. doi: 10.3109/01443615.2014.901302.
  • Björkqvist, K., Osterman, K., & Kaukiainen, A. (1992). The develop-ment of direct and indirect aggressive strategies in males and fe-males. In K. Björkqvist & P. Niemela (Eds.), Of mice and women: Aspects of female aggression (pp. 51-64). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
  • Bond, A.J., Wingrove, J., & Critchlow, D.G. (2001). Tryptophan deple-tion increases aggression in women during the premenstrual phase. Psychopharmacology, 156(4), 477-480. doi:10.1007/s002130100795
  • Brambilla, F., Speca, A., Pacchiarotti, I., & Biondi, M. (2010). Hormonal background of physiological aggressiveness in psychologically healthy women. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 75(3), 291-294. doi: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2009.12.012
  • Bremner, JD., Vythilingam, M., Vermetten, E., Southwick, SM., McGlashan, T., Nazeer, A. …. Charney, D.S. (2003). MRI and PET study of deficits in hippocampal structure and function in women with childhood sexual abuse and posttraumatic stress disorder. American Journal Psychiatry, 160, 924-32. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.160.5.924
  • Burgess, A., Hartman, C., & McCormack, A. (1987). Abused to abuser: antecedents of socially deviant behaviors. American Journal of Psychiatry, 144(11), 1431-1436.
  • Caldwell, J.E., Swan, S.C., Allen, C.T., Sullivan, T.P., & Snow, D.L. (2009). Why I Hit Him: Women's Reasons for Intimate Partner Violence. Journal of aggression, maltreatment & trauma, 18(7), 672-697.
  • Campbell, A. (2008). Attachment, aggression and affiliation: the role of oxytocin in female social behavior. Biological Psychology, 77(1), 1-10. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2007.09.001
  • Campbell, J., Kub, J., & Rose, L. (1996). Depression in battered women. Journal of the American Medical Women's Association, 51 (3), 106-110.
  • Campbell, N. (2000). Using Women: Gender, Drug Policies and Social Justice. New York, NY: Routledge.
  • Carlen, P. (1992). Criminal women and criminal justice: the limits to and potential of, feminist and left realist perspectives. En: Mathews R, Young J (eds.). Issues in Realist Criminology (pp. 51-69). Londres: Sage.
  • Carrion, V.G., Weems, C.F., Eliez, S., Patwardhan, A., Brown, W., Ray, R.D., ... Reiss, A.L. (2001). Attenuation of frontal asymmetry in pediatric posttraumatic stress disorder. Biological Psychiatry, 50(12), 943-51.
  • Cooper, D. (2002). Criminología y delincuencia femenina en Chile. Santiago de Chile: LOM Ediciones.
  • Craig, I.W. (2007). The importance of stress and genetic variation in human aggression. Bioessays, 29(3), 227-36. doi: 10.1002/bies.20538
  • Cruise, K., Marsee, M., Dandreaux, D., & DePrato, D. (2007). Mental health screening of female juvenile offenders: Replication of a subtyping strategy. Journal of Child and Family studies, 16, 615-625. doi: 10.1007/s10826-006-9111-4
  • Dabbs Jr., J.M., & Hargrove, M.F. (1997). Age, testosterone, and behavior among female prison inmates. Psychosomatic Medicine, 59(5), 477-480.
  • Davidson, R.J., Putnam, K.M., & Larson, C.L. (2000). Dysfunction in the neural circuitry of emotion regulation: a possible prelude to violence. Science, 5479(289), 591-4. doi:10.1126/science.289.5479.591.
  • De Bellis, M.D. (2005). The psychobiology of neglect. Child Maltreatment, 10, 150-72. doi: 10.1177/1077559505275116
  • de la Cuesta-Aguado, P. (1992). Perfiles criminológicos de la delin-cuencia femenina, Revista de Derecho Penal y Criminología, 2, 219-240.
  • de Vogel, V., Stam, J., Bouman, Y., Ter Horst, P., & Lancel, M. (2014). [Violent women: a multicentre study of the characteristics of female forensic psychiatric patients]. Tijdschr Psychiatr, 56(7), 439-47.
  • Dixon, D.R., Kurtz, P.F., & Chin, M.D. (2008). A systematic review of challenging behaviors in children exposed prenatally to substances of abuse. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 29(6), 483–502. doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2007.05.006
  • Ehlers, CL., Richler, K.C., & Hovey, J.E. (1980). A possible relationship between plasma testosterone and aggressive behavior in a female outpatient population. En M. Giris, L. G. Kiloh (Ed.), Limbic epilepsy and the dyscontrol syndrome (pp. 183-194). New York: Elsevier/North Holland Biomedical Press.
  • Eiden, R.D., Schuetze, P., Colder, C.R., & Veira, Y. (2011). Maternal co-caine use and mother–toddler aggression. Neurotoxicology and Tera-tology, 33(3), 360-369. doi: 10.1016/j.ntt.2011.03.001.
  • Fazel, S., Lichtenstein, P., Grann, M., Goodwin, G.M., & Långström, N. (2010). Bipolar disorder and violent crime: new evidence from population-based longitudinal studies and systematic review. Ar-chives of General Psychiatry, 67(9), 931-8. doi: 10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2010.97.
  • Fishbein, D.H. (1996). Female PCP-using jail detainees: Proneness to violence and gender differences. Addictive Behaviors, 21(2), 155–172. doi:10.1016/0306-4603(96)00049-4
  • Galbraith, S., & Rubinstein, G. (1996). Alcohol, drugs and domestic violence: confronting barriers to changing practice and policy. Journal of the American Medical Women's Association, 51(3), 115-117.
  • Gao, Y., Raine, A., Venables, P.H., Dawson, M.E., & Mednick, S.A. (2010). Reduced electrodermal fear conditioning from ages 3 to 8 years is associated with aggressive behavior at age 8 years. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 51(5), 550-8. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-7610.2009.02176.x.
  • Gil-Verona, J.A., Pastor, J.F., De Paz, F., Barbosa, M., Macías, J.A., Ma-niega, M.A., … Picornell, I. (2002). Psicobiología de las conductas agresivas. Anales de Psicología, 18(2), 293-303.
  • Gladue, B.A. (1991). Aggressive behavioral characteristics, hormones, and sexual orientation in men and women. Agressive Behaviour, 17, 313–326. doi:10.1002/1098-2337(1991)17:63.0.CO;2-Z
  • Grassi-Oliveira, R., Ashy, M., & Stein, L.M. (2008). Psychobiology of childhood maltreatment: effects of allostatic load? Revista Brasileira Psiquiatria, 30(1), 60-8. doi:10.1590/S1516-44462008000100012
  • Gurian, E. (2011). Female serial murderers: directions for future research on a hidden population. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 55(1), 27-42. doi: 10.1177/0306624X09352451
  • Hazelwood, R., Warren, J., & Dietz, P. (1993). Compliant victims of the sexual sadist. Australian Family Physician, 22, 474-479.
  • Heyser, C.J., Molina, V.A., & Spear, L.P. (1992). A fostering study of the effects of prenatal cocaine exposure: I. Maternal behaviors. Neurotoxicolology & Teratology, 14, 415–421.
  • Hickey, E.W. (2006). Serial murderers and their victims (4th ed.). Belmont, CA: Thomson Wadsworth.
  • Hoaken, P.N., Campbell, T., Stewart, S.H., & Pihl, R.O. (2003). Effects of alcohol on cardiovascular reactivity and the mediation of aggressive behaviour in adult men and women. Alcohol Alcohol, 38(1), 84-92. doi: 10.1093/alcalc/agg022
  • Hoaken, P., & Stewart, S. (2003). Drugs of abuse and the elicitation of human aggressive behavior. Addictive Behaviors, 28 (9), 1533-1554. doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2003.08.033
  • Horn, R., Puffer, E.S., Roesch, E., & Lehmann, H. (2014). Women's per-ceptions of effects of war on intimate partner violence and gender roles in two post-conflict West African Countries: consequences and unexpected opportunities. Conflict and Health, 4, 8:12. doi: 10.1186/1752-1505-8-12.
  • Jnoff-Gormain, G., Arnold, G.S., Nottelman, E.D., Susman, E.J., Cutler Jr, G.B., & Chrousos, G.P. (1981). Relations between hormone lev-els and observational measures of aggressive behavior of young adolescents in family interactions. Developmental Psychology, 24(1), 129–139.
  • Jones, S. (2008). Partners in crime: A study of the relationship between female offenders and their co-defendants. Criminology & Criminal Justice, 8, 147-164. doi: 10.1177/1748895808088992
  • Kilty, J.M., & Frigon, S. (2007). Karla Homolka - From a woman in danger to a dangerous woman: Chronicling the shifts. Women & Criminal Justice, 17, 37-61. doi:10.1300/J012v17n04_03
  • Leibenluft, E., Fiero, P.L., & Rubinow, D.R. (1994). Effects of the men-strual cycle on dependent variables in mood disorder research. Archives of General Psychiatry, 51(10), 761–781. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1994.03950100009002
  • Lewis, C. (2006). Treating incarcerated women: gender matters. Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 29(3), 773-789. doi:10.1016/j.psc.2006.04.013
  • Lewis, C.F. (2011). Substance Use and Violent Behavior in Women with Antisocial Personality Disorder. Behavioral Sciences & Law, 29(5), 667-676. doi: 10.1002/bsl.1006
  • Lipsey, M.W., Wilson, D.B. & Cothern, L. (2000). Effective intervention for serious juvenile offenders (Juvenile Justice Bulletin). Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention.
  • Livingston, M., & Room, R. (2009). Variations by age and sex in alco-hol-related problematic behaviour per drinking volume and heavier drinking occasion. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 101(3), 169-75. doi: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2008.12.014.
  • Lorenzo-Moledo, M. M. (2002). La delincuencia femenina. Psicothema, 14, 174-180.
  • Mazur, A. & Booth, A. (1998). Testosterone and dominance in men. The Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 21(3), 353-397.
  • McGlynn, A.H., Hahn, P., & Hagan, M.P. (2012). The effect of a cogni-tive treatment program for male and female juvenile offenders. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 20(10), 1-13. doi: 10.1177/0306624X12463341
  • McMurray, M.S., Joyner, P.W., Middleton, C.W., Jarrett, T.M., Elliott, D.L., y Black, M.A., … Johns, J.M. (2008). Intergenerational effects of cocaine on maternal aggressive behavior and brain oxytocin in rat dams. Stress, 11, 398–410. doi: 10.1080/10253890701850239
  • Mesa-Gresa, P., & Moya-Albiol, L. (2011). Neurobiología del maltrato infantil: el “ciclo de la violencia”. Revista Neurología, 52(8), 489-503.
  • Moya‐Albiol, L. (2010). Psicobiología de la violencia. Madrid: Pirámide.
  • Moya-Albiol, L., & Serrano-Rosa, M.A. (2009). Relación entre testoste-rona y violencia en adultos: el estado actual de la cuestión. REME, 12, 32-33.
  • Murray-Close, D., Crick, N.R., Tseng, W.L., Lafko, N., Burrows, C., Pitu-la, C., … Ralston, P. (2014). Physiological stress reactivity and physical and relational aggression: the moderating roles of victimization, type of stressor, and child gender. Development and Psychopathology, 26(3), 589-603. doi: 10.1017/S095457941400025X.
  • Murray-Close, D., & Rellini, A.H. (2012). Cardiovascular reactivity and proactive and reactive relational aggression among women with and without a history of sexual abuse. Biological Psychology, 89(1), 54-62. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2011.09.008.
  • Odgers, C.L., Moretti, M.M., Burnette, M.L., Chauhan, P., Waite, D., & Reppucci, N.D. (2007). A Latent Variable Modeling Approach to Identifyng Subtipes of Serous and Violent Female Juvenile Offenders. Aggressive Behavior, 33(4), 1-14. doi: 10.1002/ab.20190
  • Pollak, O. (1950). The Criminality of Women. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
  • Putkonen, H., Komulainen, E.J., Virkkunen, M., Eronen, M., & Lönnqvist, J. (2003). Risk of repeat offending among violent fe-male offenders with psychotic and personality disorders. American Journal of Psychiatry, 160, 947-951. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.160.5.947
  • Raine, A. & Buchsbaum, M.S. (1996). Violence, brain imaging, and neuro psychology. En Stoff, DM. y Cairns, RB. eds. Aggression and violence: genetic, neurobiological and biosocial perspectives (p. 195-217). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
  • Richie, B., & Johnsen, C. (1996). Abuse histories among newly incar-cerated in a New York city jail. Journal of the American Medical Women's Association. 51(3), 111-115.
  • Rivera, E.A., Kubiak, S.P., & Bybee, D. (2014). Patterns of Women's Ag-gression Against Partners and Others: Broadening Our Under-standing of Violence. American Journal of Community Psychology. doi:10.1007/s10464-014-9679-6.
  • Rodríguez-Delgado, J.M. (1981). Manipulación del cerebro. Centro de Estudios del Valle de los Caídos: Ética y Medicina.
  • Romero, M. (2003) ¿Por qué delinquen las mujeres? Parte II. Vertientes analíticas desde una perspectiva de género. Salud Mental, 26(1), 32-41.
  • Romero, M. (1998). “Estudio de las adicciones en mujeres y su rela-ción con otros problemas de salud mental”. Tesis de doctorado en antropología. Instituto de Investigaciones Antropológicas. Facultad de Filosofía y Letras. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. México.
  • Romero, M., Mondragón, L., Cherpitel, C., Medina-Mora, M.E., & Bor-ges, G. (2001). Characteristics of Mexican women attending the emergency care unit. Alcohol consumption and related problems. Salud Pública, 43(6), 537-543.
  • Romero-Martínez, A., Figueiredo, B., & Moya-Albiol, L. (2014). Child-hood history of abuse and child abuse potential: the role of parent's gender and timing of childhood abuse. Child Abuse & Ne-glect, 38(3), 510-6. doi: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2013.09.010.
  • Romero-Martínez A., González-Bono E., Lila M., & Moya-Albiol L. (2013). Testosterone/cortisol ratio in response to acute stress: a possible marker of risk for marital violence. Social Neuroscience, 8(3), 240-247. doi:10.1080/17470919.2013.772072
  • Romero-Martínez, A., Lila, M., Sariñana-González, P., González-Bono, E., & Moya-Albiol, L. (2013). High testosterone levels and sensitivity to acute stress in perpetrators of domestic violence with low cognitive flexibility and impairments in their emotional decoding process: A preliminary study. Aggressive Behavior, 39(5), 355–369. doi: 10.1002/ab.21490.
  • Romero-Martínez, A., Lila, M., Williams, R.K., González-Bono, E., & Moya-Albiol, L. (2013). Skin conductance rises in preparation and recovery to psychosocial stress and its relationship with impulsivity and testosterone in intimate partner violence perpetrators. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 90(3), 329-33. doi: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2013.10.003.
  • Romero-Martínez, A., Nunes-Costa, R., Lila, M., González-Bono, E., & Moya-Albiol, L. (2014). Cardiovascular reactivity to a marital conflict version of the Trier social stress test in intimate partner violence perpetrators. Stress, 17(4), 321-7. doi: 10.3109/10253890.2014.919448.
  • Romero-Martínez, A. & Moya-Albiol, L. (2013). Neuropsychology of perpetrators of domestic violence: The role of traumatic brain injury and alcohol abuse and/or dependence. Revista Neurología, 57(11), 515-22.
  • Salom, C.L., Betts, K.S., Williams, G.M., Najman, J.M., Scott, J.G., & Alati, R. (2014). Do young people with comorbid mental and alcohol disorders experience worse behavioural problems? Psychiatry Research, 219(2), 372-9. doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2014.05.056.
  • Sariñana-González, P., Romero-Martínez, A., De Andrés-García, S., González-Bono, E., & Moya-Albiol, L., (en prensa). Aggression predicts Cortisol Awakening Response in healthy young adults. Anales de Psicología.
  • Seo, D., Patrick, C.J., & Kennealy, P.J. (2008). Role of Serotonin and Dopamine System Interactions in the Neurobiology of Impulsive Aggression and its Comorbidity with other Clinical Disorders. Aggressive and Violent Behavior, 13(5), 383-395. doi: 10.1016/j.avb.2008.06.003.
  • Serrano-Tárraga, M.D. (2009). Evolución de la delincuencia juvenil en España, 2000-2007. Revista de Derecho Penal y Criminología, 3(2), 255-270.
  • Shearer, R. (2003). Identifying the special needs of female offenders. Federal Probation, 67, 46-56.
  • Sommers, I., & Baskin, D. (1993). The situational context of violent fe-male offending. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 30(2), 136-162. doi: 10.1177/0022427893030002002
  • Spironelli, C., Gradante, F., Gradante, G., & Angrilli, A. (2013). Cortisol and ACTH plasma levels in maternal filicides and violent psychiatric women. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 47 (5), 622-627. doi: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2013.01.001.
  • Staton, M., Leukefeld, C., & Logan T.K. (2001). Health service utiliza-tion and victimization among incarcerated female substance users. Substance Use Misuse, 36(6-7), 701-716.
  • Stefurak, T., & Calhoun, G. B. (2007). Subtypes of female juvenile offenders: a cluster analysis of the Millon adolescent Clinical Inventory. International Journal of Law and Psychiatry, 30(2), 95-111. doi:10.1016/j.ijlp.2006.04.003
  • Stephenson, Z., Woodhams, J., & Cooke, C. (2014). Sex differences in predictors of violent and non-violent juvenile offending. Aggressive Behavior, 40(2),165-77. doi: 10.1002/ab.21506.
  • Sutton, T.E., Simons, L.G., Wickrama, K.A., & Futris, T. (2014). The intergenerational transmission of violence: examining the mediating roles of insecure attachment and destructive disagreement beliefs. Violence and Victims, 29(4), 670-87.
  • Taylor, S.E., Klein, L.C., Lewis, B.P., Gruenewald, T.L., Gurung, R.A., & Updegraff, J.A. (2000). Biobehavioral responses to stress in females: tend-and-befriend, not fight-or-flight. Psychological Review, 107(3), 411–429. doi:10.1037/0033-295X.107.3.411.
  • Teicher, M.H., Andersen, S.L., Polcari, A., Anderson, C.M., Navalta, C.P., & Kim, D.M. (2003). The neurobiological consequences of early stress and childhood maltreatment. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Review, 27(1-2), 33-44. doi:10.1016/S0149-7634(03)00007-1.
  • Tsapelas, I., Fisher, H., & Aron, A. (2011). Infidelity: when, where, why. In Cupach, W.R & Spitzberg, B.H. (Eds.) The Darkside of Close Relationships II (pp. 175- 195). Routledge.
  • van der Knaap, L.M., Alberda, D.L., Oosterveld, P., & Born, M.P. (2012). The predictive validity of criminogenic needs for male and female offenders: Comparing the relative impact of needs in predicting recidivism. Law and Human Behavior, 36(5), 413-422. doi:10.1037/h0093932.
  • van Honk, J., Schutter, D.J., Hermans, E.J., Putman, P., Tuiten, A., & Koppeschaar, H. (2004). Testosterone shifts the balance between sensitivity for punishment and reward in healthy young women. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 29(7), 937-43. doi: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2003.08.007
  • Vandiver, D.M. (2010). Assessing Gender Differences and Co-Offending Patterns of a Predominantly “Male-Oriented” Crime: A Comparison of a Cross-National Sample of Juvenile Boys and Girls Arrested for a Sexual Offense. Violence and Victims, 25(2), 243-264
  • Verheyden, S.L., Hadfield, J., Calin, T., & Curran, H.V. (2002) Sub-acute effects of MDMA (±3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine,“ecstasy”) on mood: evidence of gender differences. Psychopharmacology, 161(1), 23–31.
  • Vermeulen, A. (1976). The hormonal activity of the postmenopausal ovary. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 42(2), 247-253. doi: 10.1210/jcem-42-2-247
  • Vinet, E., & Alarcón, P. (2009). Caracterización de personalidad de mujeres adolescentes infractoras de ley: un estudio comparativo. Paideia, 19 (43), 143-152.
  • Vizcaíno-Gutiérrez, M. (2010). Mujeres en la criminalidad: más preguntas que respuestas. Revista Criminalidad, 52(1), 309-330.
  • Wakschlag, L.S., & Hans, S.L. (2002). Maternal smoking during pregnancy and conduct problems in high-risk youth: a developmental framework. Development and Psychopathology, 14(2), 351–369. doi:10.1017/S0954579402002092
  • Weizmann-Henelius, G., Viemerö, V., & Eronen, M. (2003). The violent female perpetrator and her victim. Forensic Science International, 133(7), 197-203. doi:10.1016/S0379-0738(03)00068-9
  • Weniger, G., Lange, C., Sachsse, U., & Irle, E. (2008). Amygdala and hippocampal volumes and cognition in adult survivors of childhood abuse with dissociative disorders. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 118(4), 281-90. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0447.2008.01246.x
  • West, S.G. (2007). An overview of filicide. Psychiatry (Edgmont). 4(2), 48-57.
  • Widom, C. (2000). “Childhood victimization and the derailment of girls and women to the criminal justice system”. Research on women and girls in the Justice System: plenary papers on the 1999 conference on Crim-inal Justice Research and evaluation Enhancing policy and practice through research. National Institute of Justice, 3, 27-36.
  • Williams, J.R., Ghandour, R.M., & Kub, J.E. (2008). Female perpetration of violence in heterosexual intimate relationships: adolescence through adulthood. Trauma Violence Abuse, 9(4), 227-49. doi: 10.1177/1524838008324418.
  • Wilson, S., Attrill, G., & Nugent, F. (2003). Effective interventions for acquisitive offenders: An investigation of cognitive skills programmes. Legal and Criminological Psychology, 8(1), 83-101. doi: 10.1348/135532503762871264
  • Wormith, J.S., Althouse, R., Simpson, M., Reitzel, L., Fagan, T.J. & Mor-gan, R.D. (2007). The rehabilitation and reintegration of offenders: The current landscape and some future directions for correctional psychology. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 34, 879-892. doi: 10.1177/0093854807301552
Fuente de los datos: Dialnet