La investigación en biomecánica aplicada a la nataciónevolución histórica y situación actual
- Llana Belloch, Salvador
- Priego Quesada, José Ignacio
- Pérez Soriano, Pedro
- Lucas Cuevas, Ángel Gabriel
ISSN: 1888-6744
Any de publicació: 2013
Volum: 6
Número: 2
Pàgines: 103-149
Tipus: Article
Altres publicacions en: Citius, altius, fortius: humanismo, sociedad y deporte: investigaciones y ensayos
Resum
Throughout decades, world records in swimming have improved significantly compared to other sports. This is due both to the improvement of swimming techniques. In part this is due to scientific progress. The aim of this paper is to present in an organized and coherent way the historical evolution of research in biomechanics applied to swimming. Thus the most relevant researchers, but also their discoveries and methods are presented. In this way the reader will understand when and why appeared concepts as "drag", "hull speed", "vortex", etc.
Referències bibliogràfiques
- Alley, L.E. (1952) Ananalysis of water resistance and propulsion in swimming the crawl stroke. Res.Quart. 23, 253-270.
- Amar, J. (1920) The human motor. Ed. Dutton.
- Armsbruster, D.A. (1942) Competitive swiming and diving. Ed. Mosby.
- Astrand, P.O. y Englesson, S. (1972) A swimming flume. J. appl. Physiol., 33, 514-518.
- Benjanuvatra, N., Dawson, G., Blanksby, B.A. y Elliot B.C. (2001) Comparison of buoyancy, passive and net active drag forces betweein fastskin and standard swimsuits. J. Sci. Med. 5. 115-123.
- Bixler, B. y Riewlad, s. (2002) Analysis of a swimmer ́s hand and arm in steady flow conditions using computational fluid dynamics. J. Biomech. 35. (5) 713-717.
- Bixler, B. y Schloder, M. (1996) Computatinal fluid dinamics: an analytical tool for the 21st century swimming scientist.J. Swimming Res. 11.4-22.
- Brizuela, G., Llana, S. y Tella, V. (1999) Medición de la fuerza de propulsión durante el nado. Cálculo de variables biomecánicas. En Biomecánica de la fuerza muscular y su valoración. Análisis cinético dela marcha, natación, gimnasia rítmica, badminton y ejercicios de musculación. Ed. Ministerio de Educación y Deportes. C.S.D.
- Carlile, F. (1956a) Effect of preliminary warming up on swimming performance.Res. Quart., 27 (2), 143-151.
- Carlile, F. (1963) Forbis Carlile on swimming. Ed. Pelham.
- Chatard, J.C., Bourgion, B. y Lacourt, J.R. (1990) Passive drag is still a good evaluator of swimming aptitude. Eur. J. App. Phys. 59, 399-404.
- Chollet, D., Chalies, S. y Chatard, J.C. (2000) A new index of coordination for the crawl: description and suefullness. Int. J. sport. Med., 21, 54-59.
- Clarys, J.P. (1978) Human morphology and hidrodinamics. En: Terauds y Bedingfield (Eds.) Bimechanics IV, pp.187-196. University Park Press.
- Clarys, J.P., Jiskoot, J. (1975)Total resistance in water and its relation to body form. En Nelson, Morehouse, (Eds) Biomechanics, vol. 4 Baltimore. Univrsity Park Press. 187-196.
- Colwin, C. (1984a) Fluid dynamics: vortex circulation in swimming propulsion.En Welsh (Ed.) American Swimming Coaches Association world clinic yerabool 1994.38-46.
- Colwin, C. (1985a) Essential fluid dynamics of swimming propulsion. American Swimming Coaches Association Magazine. 22-27.
- Colwin, C. (1985b) Practical applicaion of flow analysis as a coaching tool. American Swimming Coaches Association Magazine.5-8.
- Colwin, C.M. (1993) Swimming into the 21st Century. Human Kinetics Publishers.
- Colwin, C.M. (1999) Swimming Dynamics.Winning Techniques and Strategies. Master Press.
- Colwin, C.M. (2002) Breakthrough Swimming. Human Kinetics.
- Counsilman, J (1955).Forces in swimming two types of crawl stroke. Res. Quart. 26: 127-139.
- Counsilman, J. y Counsilman, B. (1994) The new science of swimming. Ed. Prince Hall.
- Cureton, T. K. (1951). Physical Fitness of Champion Athletes. University of Illinois Press.
- Cureton, T. K., & Kasch, F. W. (1947). Physical Fitness Appraisal and Guidance. C.V. Mosby.
- Deberle, J., Lefevre, T., Depretz, S., Sydney, M. y Pélayo, P. (2003) Stroke length drops from the maximal lactate steady state speed. En Chatard (Ed.) Biomechanics and Medicine in swimming IX. 325-330.
- Du Bois-Reymond, R. (1905) Zur physiologie des schwimmens. Arch. Anat. Physiol. 29, 252-278.
- Firby, H. (1975) Howard Firby on swimming. Ed.Pelham Books.
- Hay, J., y Thayer, A. (1989) Flowvisualization of competitive swimming techniques : the tufts method. J. Biomechanics, 22 (1) 11-19.
- Holmer, I. y Haglund, S. (1977) The swimming flume: experiences and applications. En Erilsson y Furberg (Eds) Swimming Science IV. 379-385.
- Karpovich, P.V.(1933) Water resistance in swimming. Res. Quart., 4: 21-28.
- Kent, M., Atha, J. (1971)Selected critical transient body positions in breast-stroke and their influence upon water resistance. En Lewillie 6 Clarys (Eds.) Biomechanics in swimming I.
- Keskinen, K. (1994) Measurement of technique in front crawl . En Miyashita, Mutoh y Richardson (Eds) Medicine and Science in Aquatic Sport, 117-121.
- Kiphuth (1942) Swimming Ed. Barnes.
- Kolmogorov, S.V.; Duplisheva, A. (1992) Active drag, useful mechanical power output and hydrodynamic force coeficient in different swimming strokes at maximal velocity. J. Biomech. 25: 311-318.
- Lauder, M.A., Dabnichki, P. y Barttlet, R.M. (2001) Improved accuracy and reliability of sweepback angle, pich angle and hand velocity calculations in swimming. J. Biomecanics. 34, 31-99.
- Lauder, M. A., Dabnichki, P., & Bartlett, R. M. (2001). Improved accuracy and reliability of sweepback angle, pitch angle and hand velocity calculations in swimming. Journal of Biomechanics, 34(1), 31–39.
- Llana, S. (2002) Resistencia hidrodinámica en Natación. Rendimientodeportivo.com, nº2.
- Llana, S.; Klauck, J. (2002) Bañadores tradicionales vs bañadores de última generación: efecto sobre la resistencia pasiva. Comunicaciones Técnicas, nº4, pp: 53-58.
- Llana, S., Pérez-Soriano, P. y Aparicio I. (2011). Historia de la Natación I: desde sus orígenes hasta la Edad Media. Citius, Altius, Forius, vol. 4, nº2, pp 51-84.
- Llana, S., Pérez-Soriano, P., del Valle A. y Sala P. (2012). Historia de la Natación II: desde el Renacimiento hasta la aparición y consolidación de los actuales estilos de competición. Citius, Altius, Forius, vol.5, nº1, pp 9-44.
- Lyttle, A.D.; Blanksby, B.A.; Elliot, B.C.; Lloyd, D.G. (1998)The effect of depth and velocity on drag during the streamlined glide. J. Swim. Res.13: 15-22.
- Magel, J.R. (1970) Propelling force measured during tethered swimming in the four competitive swimming styles. Res. Quart. 41, 68-74.
- Maglischo, E.W. (2003) Swimming fastest. Ed. Human Kinetics.
- Mason, B. (2002) A comprehensive biomechanical support service to an elite national swimming programe. Applied proceedings. I.S.B.S. ́02.
- Mason, B. Cossor, J. (1998) What can we learn from competition analysis at the Pan Pacific Swimming Championships? En Sanders y Hong (Eds.) Aplplication of biomechanical study in swimming. I.S.B.S. ́00.
- Mason, B.y Cossor, J. (2000) Swim turn performances at the Sydney 2000 Olympic Games. En Blackwelly Sanders (Eds) Proceedings of swim swssions. I.S.B.S. ́01.
- Miller, D. (1975) Biomechanics of swimming. En: Willmore y Keogh (Eds.) Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews. New York: Academic Press.
- Miyashita, M. (1981) The factors governing competitive swimming records. International Journal of Physical Education, 18 (3): 15-19.
- Miyashita, M. (1997) The bio-physics of swimming -three decades of research-University of Tokio.
- Miyashita, M.; Tsunoda, T. (1978)Water resistance in relation to body size. En: Eriksson y Furberg (Eds.), Swimming Medicine IV, pp.395-401. University Park Press. Baltimore.
- Pérez, P; S Llana, G Brizuela and A Encarnación(2009). Effects of three feedback conditions on aerobic swim speeds. Journal of Sports Science and Medicine. 8 (1):1-7.
- Reischle, K. (1992) Biomecánica de la natación. Ed. Gymnos.
- Sachs, F. (1912) The complete swimmer. London: Methuen.
- Schleihauf, F. (1977). A biomechanical analysis of freestyle aquatic skill. Counsilmanj.—Competitive manual swimming, Engle wood Cliffs.
- Schleihauf, R. E. (1979). A hydrodynamic analysis of swimming propulsion. Swimming III, 70–109.
- Silvia, C. E. (1970). Manual and Lesson Plans for Basic Swimming, Life Saving, Water Stunts, Springboard Diving, Skin and Scuba Diving and Methods of Teaching.
- Stager, J. M., & Tanner, D. A. (2005). Swimming: ; An International Olympic Committee Publication. Oxford: Blackwell Science Ltd.
- Sullivan, F. (1922) Science of swimming. Containing Instructions for Acquiring all Swimming Strokes, and Directions for Becoming Proficient in Fancy With a Symposium on the Best Stroke for Beginners, Modern Methods of Life Saving and Resuscitation. American Sports Publ. Co.
- Takagi, H. y Wilson, B. (1999) Calculating hydrodinamic force by using pressure differece in swimming. En Keskinen, Komi y Hollander (Eds.) Biomechanics and Medicine in Swimming VIII.
- Thorp, R., & Wilson, B. (2002). Active drag at low swimming velocities. In ISBS-Conference Proceedings Archive(Vol. 1). Retrieved from https://ojs.ub.uni-konstanz.de/cpa/article/view/709
- Thrall, W.R. (1960) A performance analysis of the propulsive forces of the flutter kick. Tesis Doctoral. Universidad de Iowa.
- Toussaint, H., Stralen, M. y Stevens, E. (2002) Wave drag in front crawl swimming. En Gianikelis (Ed.) Proceedings of I.S.B.S. ́02.
- Toussaint, H.M. (2002)The Fast-SkinTM"Body" suit: hip, hype, but does it reduce drag during front crawl swimming? Applied Proceedings -Swimming-del XXthInternational Symposium on Biomechanics in Sport.
- Toussaint, H.M., Groot. G., Savelberg, H., Vervoorn, K., Hollander, A.P. y Ingen Schenau, G.J. (1988)Active drag related to velocity in male and female swimmers. J. Biomech. 21: 435-438.
- Vorontsov, A. y Rumyantsev, V. (2000) Resistive forces in swimming. En Zatsiorsky Ed.) Biomechanics in Sport. Blackwell Scientific.
- Wilke, K. (1992) El entrenamiento del nadador juvenil. Ed. Estadium.
- Wilson, B., Takagi, H., y Pease, D. (1999) Technique comparison of pool and flume swimming. En Keskinen, Komi y Hollander (Eds.) Biomechanics and Medicine in Swimming VIII.
- Zatsiorsky, V. M., Bulgakova, N. Z., & Chaplinsky, N. M. (1979). Biomechanical analysis of starting techniques in swimming. Swimming III, 199–206.
- Zarzoso, M; Llana, S; Pérez-Soriano, P. (2010). Potential negative effects of chlorinated swimming pool attendance on health of swimmers and associated staff.Biology of Sport, 7(4); 233-240.