Factores de riesgo de comisión de atentadosUna investigación de los yihadistas occidentales desde 2006

  1. María José Galvis Doménech
  2. Vicente Garrido Genovés
  3. Isabel Cañadas Osinski
Journal:
REC: Revista Electrónica de Criminología

ISSN: 2695-2882

Year of publication: 2020

Volume: 3

Type: Article

More publications in: REC: Revista Electrónica de Criminología

Sustainable development goals

Abstract

The aim of this article is to analyse the risk factors of commission of jihadist attacks in Western countries. So as to achieve this purpose the research is divided into two parts. The first part consists of a bibliography review of international literature about risk factors traditionally linked to this phenomenon. The second part develops an empirical research, in which 116 attacks in Western countries were analysed, from 2006 until May 2018. The methodology has required finding information on numerous official and media sources to collate data in the most comprehensive way. From all the cases identified, 33 criminology variables relating to the characteristics of the attacks were extracted, on which the statistical analyses focused. The key variables providing significant information were these: Finally, we discuss the implication of our findings wihtin the general problema of the prevention of terrorist attacks.

Bibliographic References

  • Aitken, L., Oosthuizen, P., Emsley, L. y Seedat, S. (2008). Mass murders: implications for mental health professionals. International Journal in Psychiatry and Medicine, 38, 261-269. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.2190%2FPM.38.3.c
  • Bakker, E. (2006). Jihadi terrorists in Europe their characteristics and the circumstances in which they joined the jihad: an exploratory study. The Hague, Netherlands Institute of International Relations: Clingendael.
  • Bakker, E. (2011). Characteristics of Jihadi terrorists in Europe (2001– 2009). En R. Coolsaet (ed.). Jihadi Terrorism and the Radicalisation Challenge. European and American Experiences (pp. 131-144). Farnham: Ashgate.
  • Bakker, E. y De Bont R. (2016). Belgian and dutch jihadist fighters (2012-2015): Characteristics, motivations and roles in the war in Syria and Iraq. Small Wars & insurgences, 27 (5), 837- 857. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1080/09592318.2016.1209806
  • Barret, J. (2009). Global jihadism. Theory and practice. Nueva York: Routledge. Taylor & Francis Group.
  • Basra, R., Neumann, P. y Brunner, C. (2016). Criminal pasts, terrorist futures: european jihadists and the new crime-terror nexus. Londres: ICSR, King’s College Londres.
  • Bazex, H., Bénézech, M. y Mensat, J. (2017). « Le miroir de la haine ». La prise en charge pénitentiaire de la radicalisation: analyse clinique et criminologique de 112 personnes placées sous main de justice. Annales Médico-Psychologiques, 175, 276-282. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amp.2017.01.009
  • Bergema, R. y Van San, M. (2017). Waves the black banner: a comprehensive study on the dutch jihadist foreign fighter contingent in Syria and Iraq. Studies in Conflict & Terrorism. DOI: 10.1080/1057610X.2017.1404004
  • Boutin, B., Chauzal, G., Dorsey, J., Jegerings, M., Paulusse, C., Pohl, J., Reed, A. y Zavagli, S. (2016). The foreign fighters phenomenon in the European Union profiles, threats & policies. La Haya: International Centre of Counter- Terrorism.
  • Bundeskriminalamt, Bundesamt Für Verfassungsschutz Und Hessisches (BKA, 2016). Análisis de los antecedentes de radicalización y el procedimiento de las sesiones de las personas que abandonaron el país por motivaciones islamistas hacia Siria o Iraq. Disponible en: https://www.bka.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Publi kationen/Publikationsreihen/Forschungsergebnisse/2016 AnalyseRadikalisierungsgruendeSyrienIrakAusreisende.h tml
  • Cano-Paños, M. (2010). Generación Yihad: la radicalización islamista de los jóvenes musulmanes en Europa. Madrid: Dykinson.
  • Capellan, J. (2015). Lone wolf terrorist or deranged shooter? A study of ideological active shooter events in the United States, 1970–2014. Studies in Conflict and Terrorism, 38 (6), 395-413. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1080/1057610X.2015.1008341
  • De Bie, J., De Poot, C. y Van Der Leun, J. (2015). Shifting modus operandi of jihadist foreign fighters from the Netherlands between 2000 and 2013: a crime script analysis. Terrorism and Political Violence, 27 (3), 416-440. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1080/09546553.2015.1021038
  • De Poot, C. y Sonnenschein, A. (2011). Jihadi terrorism in the Netherlands. A description based on closed criminal investigations. WODC-series Onderzoek en beleid, No. 281. Disponible en: https://www.wodc.nl/binaries/ob291- full-text_tcm28-69025.pdf
  • Dragon, J. (2015). Western foreign fighters in Syria: an empirical analysis of recruitment and mobilization mechanisms (Tesis Doctoral). Naval Postgraduate School. Monterey.
  • El-Said, H. y Barret, R. (2017). Enhancing the Understanding of the Foreign Terrorist fighters phenomenon in Syria. UN CounterTerrorism Centre (UNOCT). Disponible en: http://www.un.org/en/counterterrorism/assets/img/R eport_Final_20170727.pdf
  • Horgan, J., Shortland, N., Abbasciano, S. y Walsh, S. (2016). Action speak louder than words: a behavioral analysis of 183 individuals convicted for terrorist offenses in the United States from 1995 to 2012. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 61 (5), 1228-1237. DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.13115
  • Jenkins, B. (2010). Would-be warriors: incidents of jihadist terrorist radicalization in the United States since September 11, 2001. Santa Monica: RAND Corporation. Disponible en: https://www.rand.org/pubs/occasional_papers/OP292. html
  • Jordan, J. (2012). Analysis of jihadi terrorism incidents in Western Europe, 2001–2010. Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, 35 (5), 382-404. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1080/1057610X.2012.666822
  • Laurence, J. y Matthews, M. (2012). The Oxford Handbook of Military Psychology. Oxford University Press.
  • Ljujic, V., Van Prooijen, J. y Weerman, F. (2017). Beyond the crimeterror nexus: socio-economic status, violent crimes and terrorism. Journal of criminological research, policy and practice, 3 (3), 158-172. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1108/JCRPP-02-2017-0010
  • Malet, D. (2013). Foreign fighters: Transnational Identities in Foreign Conflicts. Oxford: University Press.
  • Mayfield, E. (2015). Characteristics of salafi jihadist activists. Honors Research Projects, 156. University of Akron Main Campus. Disponible en: https://ideaexchange.uakron.edu/honors_research_proje cts/156/
  • Meloy, J. y Gill, P. (2016). The lone-actor terrorist and the TRAP-18. Journal of Threat Assessment and Management, 3 (1), 37–52.
  • Meloy, J., Roshdi, K., Glaz-Ocik, J. y Hoffmann J. (2015). Investigating the Individual Terrorist in Europe. Journal of Threat Assessment and Management, 2 (3-4), 140–152.
  • Moghaddam, F. (2005). The staircase to terrorism: a psychological exploration. American Psychologist, 60 (2), 161–169.
  • Mullins, S. (2011). Islamist terrorism and Australia: An empirical examination of the “homegrown” Threat. Terrorism and Political Violence, 23 (2), 254-285.
  • Mullins, S. (2016). The road to Orlando: jihadist-inspired violence in the West, 2012-2016. CTC SENTINEL, 9 (6), 26-30. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1080/09546553.2010.535717
  • Nesser, P. y Sternesen, A. (2014). The modus operandi of jihadi terrorists in Europe. Perspectives on Terrorism, 8 (6), 2-24.
  • Nesser, P., Sternesen, A. y Oftedal, E. (2016). Jihadi terrorism in Europe: the IS- Effect. Perspectives on Terrorism, 10 (6), 3-24.
  • O´Duffy, B. (2008). Radical atmosphere: explaining jihadist radicalization in the UK. Political Science & Politics, 41 (1), 37-43. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1017/S1049096508080050
  • Oftedal, E. (2015). The financing of jihadi terrorist cells in Europe (02243). Norwegian Defence Research Establishment (FFI). Disponible en: https://www.ffi.no/no/Rapporter/14- 02234.pdf